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IGCSE Physics > 7. Solids Liquids + gases > Flashcards

7. Solids Liquids + gases Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mass?

A

Amount of matter

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2
Q

What is volume?

A

Amount of space

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3
Q

What is density?

A

How compact the matter is - tells you how much matter is in a particular volume

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4
Q

What is the density equation?

A

Density kg/m3= mass(g/kg)/volume (cm3/m3)

p=m/v

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5
Q

How do you convert cm2 to m2?

A

Divide by 10,000

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6
Q

How do you find the density of solid objects?

A
  1. Measure mass with balance
  2. Measure length, width + height of object
  3. Calculate volume using volume = length x width x height
  4. Calculate density
  5. Repeat for different objects
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7
Q

How do you find the density using water displacement with a Eureka can?

A
  1. Measure mass using balance
  2. Fill eureka can up to spout
  3. Add object + measure water that leaves eureka can - this is equal to volume of object
  4. Calculate density
  5. Repeat for different objects
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8
Q

How do you find density with water displacement with a measuring cylinder?

A
  1. Measure mass using a balance
  2. Measure initial volume of water in measuring cylinder
  3. Add object = measure new reading in measuring cylinder
  4. Calculate volume of object by subtracting volume readings
  5. Calculate density
  6. Repeat for different objects
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9
Q

What are 4 common ways to reduce the accuracy of these experiments?

A
  1. Not zeroing balance
  2. Not taking measurement from measuring cylinder at eye level (parallax error)
  3. Placing measuring cylinder on uneven surface before taking a measurement
  4. Not filling eureka can up to the spout
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10
Q

Would a measuring cylinder or beaker lead to more precise measurements?

A

Measuring cylinder

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11
Q

Objects made out of the same material have the same…

A

Density

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12
Q

An object will float if its average density is…

A

Less than the liquid it is floating in

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13
Q

Why does a boat float?

A

Average density of boat and air inside is less than density of water - air is much less dense than water

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14
Q

What is pressure a measure of?

A

How spread out a force is

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15
Q

As you increase the size of the force you ..

A

Increase the size of the pressure

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16
Q

As you decrease the size of the area over which a force acts, you increase

A

The pressure`

17
Q

Pressure equation

A

Pressure = force/area

Measured in pascals (Pa) or N/cm2

Area is measured in m2 (so don’t forget to convert)

18
Q

What causes a balloon to be forced outward when it is filled with a gas?

A
  • more particles inside balloon
  • more collisions with the balloon
  • greater outward pressure
19
Q

Does pressure increase in depth?

A

Yes

20
Q

Why are Magdeburg hemispheres forced together when there is a vacuum inside them?

A
  • no outward pressure cos vacuum inside
  • inward pressure caused by atmosphere pushing them together
21
Q

What is the pressure difference equation?

A

Pressure difference = density x g x depth

P = pgh

22
Q

Explain how pressure is exerted by gases in containers

A
  • particles continually colliding w each other + walls of container
  • exert force on wall
  • pressure is the combined force of all the collisions
23
Q

Explain why heating a material will change the energy stored in the material and raise its temperature?

A
  • particles increase in speed
  • kinetic energy increases
  • thermal store increases
24
Q

What are the differences between evaporation and boiling?

A

Boiling occurs at boiling point, but evaporation occurs below boiling point

Evaporation only occurs at surface, whereas boiling occurs throughout the liquid

A source of energy is needed for boiling whereas energy is taken from the surroundings for evaporation

25
Q

What happens during evaporation?

A
  • faster particles near surface able to escape liquid
  • avg kinetic energy of remaining particles is lower than before
  • lower avg kinetic energy corresponds to lower temp
  • thermal energy stored in surroundings is transferred to cooler liquid by heating
26
Q

Does the temp remain constant during a change in state?

A

Yes

27
Q

What is the change in thermal energy equation?

A

Triangle E = m x c x triangle T

28
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

For a gas with a constant mass and temp the pressure will increase when the volume decreases

29
Q

Why does boyle’s law occur/

A
  • elastic collisions with the particles and container cause gas to exert an outward force on container
  • when gas expands at constant emp speed of particles is unchanged
  • force of each collision is unchanged
  • however particles collide less frequently, resulting in avg force and pressure to decrease
30
Q

Why does boyle’s law occur/

A
  • elastic collisions with the particles and container cause gas to exert an outward force on container
  • when gas expands at constant emp speed of particles is unchanged
  • force of each collision is unchanged
  • however particles collide less frequently, resulting in avg force and pressure to decrease
31
Q

What is the equation for volume and pressure of a fixed mass of gas at constant temp?

A

P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
P1 is initial pressure
P2 is final pressure
V1 is initial vol
V2 is final vol

32
Q

What units do you use for pressure?

A

Pascals
Pa

33
Q

What happens to the particles of a gas when temp increases?

A
  • as temp of gas increases, speed and avg kinetic energy of particles increases
34
Q

What is absolute zero?

A

-273 degrees Celsius
Where particles stop moving

35
Q

How to convert between kelvin and Celsius?

A

Temp (K) = temp (c) + 273
Temp (c) = temp (K) -273
-273 c = 0K

36
Q

What is the relationship between kinetic energy and absolute temp of the gas? (Measured in kelvin)

A

Directly proportional
Eg as temp of gas doubles kinetic energy of particles would double

37
Q

Why is pressure directly proportional to absolute temperature (kelvin) if volume remains fixed?

A
  • as temp increases speed and kinetic energy of particles increases
  • increases force of each collision and frequency of each collision
  • pressure that gas exerts increases
38
Q

What is the relationship between pressure and volume?

A

As pressure increases volume decreases

39
Q

What is the pressure law?

A

P1/T1 = P2/T2

T1 = initial absolute temp, T2 = final absolute temp both in kelvin

IGCSE Physics (32 decks)

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