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Anatomy > 7. Skeletal system > Flashcards

7. Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate between axial and appendicular skeleton.

A

The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the head, neck and trunk whereas the appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs, to include those forming the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles.

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2
Q

Define cartilage

A

It is a resilient, semirigid form of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is required.

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3
Q

What are the features of articulating cartilage?

A

It is found on the articulating (bearing surfaces) of bones that participate in a synovial joint. It provides smooth, low-friction, gliding surfaces for free movement.

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4
Q

Outline the blood flow and nutrient supply to cartilage.

A

Cartilage is avascular so its cells obtain oxygen and nutrients by diffusion.

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5
Q

Define bone and differentiate between the two (2) types

A

Bone is a highly specialised, hard form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton.

The two types are compact bone and trabecular (spongy) bone.

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6
Q

What are the five (5) functions of bone?

A
  1. Support for the body and its vital cavities
  2. Protection for vital structures
  3. Provides the mechanical basis for movement (leverage)
  4. Storage for salts (e.g. calcium)
  5. Provides a continuous supply of new blood cells (produced by the marrow in the medullary cavity)
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7
Q

Differentiate between periosteum and perichondrium and outline their three (3) functions

A
  • Periosteum is the fibrous connective tissue that covers each skeletal element like a sleave, except where cartilage occurs, which is perichondrium.
  • Their function is to:
  1. Nourish the external aspects of the skeletal tissue,
  2. Lay down more cartilage or bone (particularly during fracture healing) and
  3. Provide the interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments.
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8
Q

Apart from the spicules (trabeculae) of spongy bone, what else is found in the medullary cavity of adult bones?

A

Yellow (fatty) or red (blood cell and platelet) forming marrow individually or in combination.

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9
Q

What are some of the features of long bones

A
  1. They are designed for rigidity and the attachment of muscles and ligaments
  2. The greatest amount of compact bone is near the middle of the shaft where the bones are liable to buckle
  3. They have elevations (e.g. ridges, crests and tubercles) that serve as buttresses (supports) where large muscles attach
  4. As a living tissue, bones have some elasticity (flexibility) and great rigidity (hardness).
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10
Q

List the five (5) classifications of bones (according to shape), provide the key characteristic of that classification and an example of each type.

A
  1. Long bones – tubular – humerus
  2. Short bone – cuboidal and only found in the tarsus (ankle) and carpus (wrist).
  3. Flat bones – serve protective functions – cranium to protect the brain.
  4. Irregular bones – various shapes other than previous listed – bones of the face
  5. Sesamoid bones – protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachements – patella.
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11
Q

Where do bone markings and bone formations occur?

A

Bone markings • wherever tendons, ligaments and fascias are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bones

Bone formations • in relation to a passage of a tendon (often to direct the tendon or improve its leverage) • to control the type of movement occurring at a joint

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12
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Capitulum
A

Capitulum: small round, articular head (capitulum of the humerus)

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13
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Condyle
A

Condyle: rounded, knuckle-like articular area, often occurring in pairs (lateral and medial femoral condyles)

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14
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Crest
A

Crest: ridge of bone (iliac crest)

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15
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Epicondyle
A

Epicondyle: eminence superior to a condyle (lateral epicondyle of humerus)

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16
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Facet
A

Facet: smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone (superior costal facet on the body of a vertebra for articulation with a rib)

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17
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Foramen
A

Foramen: passage through a bone (obturator foramen)

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18
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Fossa
A

Fossa: hollow or depressed area (infraspinous fossa of the scapula)

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19
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Groove
A

Groove: elongated depression or furrow (rdial groove of the humerus)

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20
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Head
A

Head (caput): large, round articular end (head of the humerus)

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21
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Line
A

Line: linear elevation (soleal line of the tibia)

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22
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Malleolus
A

Malleolus: rounded process (lateral malleolus of the fibula)

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23
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Notch
A

Notch: indentation at the edge of a bone (greater sciatic notch)

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24
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Protuberance
A

Protuberance: projection of bone (external occipital protuberance)

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25
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Spine
A

Spine: thorn-like process (spine of the scapula)

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26
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Spinous process
A

Spinous process: projecting spine-like part (spinous process of a vertebra)

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27
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Trochanter
A

Trochanter: large blunt elevation (greater trochanter of the femur)

28
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Tubercle
A

Tubercle: small raised eminence (greater tubercle of the humerus)

29
Q

Define the following bone marking or formation and where possible provide an example.

  • Tuberosity
A

Tuberosity: large rounded elevation (ischial tuberosity)

30
Q

TEST YOURSELF P. 20

A

TEST YOURSELF P. 20

31
Q

What embroyonic tissue does bone derive from and by what two (2) processes does ossification occur?

A

All bones derive from mesenchyme (the embryonic connective tissue) by either

  1. intramembranous offication or by
  2. endochondral ossification.
32
Q

Differentiate between intramembranous offication and endochondral ossification.

A

Intramembranous ossification is a membranous bone formation where mesenchymal models of bone form during the embryonic period and direct ossification of the mesenchyme begins in the fetal period.

In endochondral ossification (cartilaginous bone formation) where cartilage models of the bones form from mesenchyme during the fetal period and bone subsequently replaces most of the cartilage.

In either case, the histology of a bone is the same by either process.

33
Q

Discuss the neurovascular features of periosteum.

A

Neuro • The periosteum is richly supplied with sensory nerves (periosteal nerves) that cary pain fibres (whereas bone itself is relatively sparcely supplied with pain fibres). So the periosteum is particularly sensitive to tension or tearing.

Vascular • Many of the small branches from the periosteal arteries are responsible for the nourishment of compact bone – so if periosteum is removed then the bone will die.

34
Q

How is blood supplied to compact bone?

A

Blood reaches the osteocytes in copact bone by means of haversian systems ore osteons (microscopic canal systems) that house the small blood vessels.

35
Q

List some of the features of blood supply to the ends of bones.

A

Blood supply to the ends of bones is supplied by metaphysical and epiphysial arteries that mainly arise from arteries that supply the joints.

In limbs these arteries are typically part of a periarticular arterial plexus, which surrounds the joint to ensure good blood flow regardless of position.

36
Q

CARTILAGE AND BONES SUMMARY

  1. Skeletal system can be divided into ……
A
  1. axial bones and appendicular skeletons
37
Q

CARTILAGE AND BONES SUMMARY

  1. The skeleton itself is composted of several types of tissue, they are…..
A
  1. cartilage, a semirigid connective tissue, bone, a hard form of connective tissue that provides support, protection, movement and storage of electrolytes (calcium) and synthesis of blood cells
38
Q

CARTILAGE AND BONES SUMMARY

  1. Periosteum and perichodrium….
A
  1. surronds bones and cartilage respectively and provides nourishment for thes tissues and are the sites of new cartilage and bone formation.
39
Q

CARTILAGE AND BONES SUMMARY

  1. Two types of bone are …… and are distinguished by……
A
  1. trabecular (spongy) and compact bone, which are distinguished by the amount of solid matter and the size and number of spaces they contain.
40
Q

CARTILAGE AND BONES SUMMARY

  1. Bones can be classified as ……
A
  1. long, short, flat, irregular or sesamoid
41
Q

CARTILAGE AND BONES SUMMARY

  1. Bones grow through the process …… which is …… and the process of …….. which is……
A
  1. Through the process of intramembraneous ossification in which mesenchymal bone models are formed during the embryonic and prenatal periods and endochondral ossification, in which cartilage models are formed during the fetal period, with bone subsequently replacing most of the cartilage after birth
42
Q

Define a joint and discuss the three (3) types of movement that may be associated with a joint.

A

A joint (or articulation) is a union or junction between two or more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton.

  1. Some have no movement (epiphysial plates between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing long bone)
  2. others allow slight movement (teeth within a socket) and
  3. others are freely mobile (glenohumeral joint).
43
Q

What are the three (3) classes of joint?

A
  1. Synovial joints
  2. Fibrous joints
  3. Cartilaginous joints
44
Q

What are the four (4) key features of a synovial joint?

A
  1. Synovial joints are united by a joint (articular) capsule that is composed of an outer fibrous layer lined by a serous synovial membrane that spans and encloses the articular cavity.
  2. The joint cavity of a synovial joint is a potential space that contains the lubricating synovial fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
  3. Inside the joint capsule, articular cartilage covers the bone and all other surfaces are covered synovial membrane.
  4. The periosteum that invests the participating bones external to the joint blends with the fibrous layer of the joint capsule.
45
Q

What is the key feature of a fibrous joint and provide examples for the three (3) types of fibrous joints.

A

The key feature of an articulating fibrous joint is that they are united by fibrous tissue, and the amount of movement occurring at that fibrous joint depends in most cases on the length of the fibres uniting the articulating bones.

Examples of fibrous joints include

  • Sutures of the cranium which is immobile,
  • A syndesmosis type of fibrous joint that unites the bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue (intraosseous membrane of the radius and ulnar) or
  • A dentoalveolar syndesmosis (gomphosis or socket) in which a peg-like process fits into a socket
46
Q

What are the two types of articulating structures of cartilaginous joints?

A

The articulating structures of cartilaginous joints are united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

47
Q

What are the features of primary cartilaginous joints (or synchondroses)?

A
  • Primary cartilaginous joints (or synchondroses) are united by hyaline cartilage that permits slight bending during early life.
  • They are temporary unions such as those present during the development of a long bone where the bony epiphysis and sharge are gointed by an epiphysial plate.
  • They permit growth in the lenging of a bone and when full growth is achieved the epiphysial plate converts to bone and the epiphyses fuse with the diaphysis.
48
Q

What are the features of secondary cartilaginous joints (or symphyses)?

A
  • Secondary cartilaginous joints (or synchondroses) are strong, slightly movable joints united by fibrocartilage.
  • The fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs consist of binding connective tissue that joins the vertebrae together, cumulatively, these joints provide strength and shock absorption as well as considerable flexibility to the vertebral column.
49
Q

List four (4) key features of synovial joints

A
  1. They are the most common type of joint
  2. They provide free movement between the bones that they join
  3. They are usually reinforced by accessory ligaments that are either separate (extrinsic) or are a thickening of a portion of the joint capsule (intrinsic).
  4. Some synovial joints have a fibrocartilaginous articular disc (or meniscus) which are present when articulating surfaces of the bones are incongruous.
50
Q

Synovial joints are classified according to the shape of the articulating surfaces and/or the type of movement they permit. What are the six (6) types of synovial joints?

A
  1. Plane joints
  2. Hinge joints
  3. Saddle joints
  4. Condyloid joints
  5. Ball and socket joints
  6. Pivot joints
51
Q

Provide an example of a plane joint and list four (4) features of a plane joint?

A

The acromioclavicular joint is an example of a plane joint between the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle.

  1. They permit gliding or sliding movements in the plane of the articular surfaces
  2. Opposed surfaces of the bones are flat or almost flat
  3. Movement is limited by their tight joint capsules
  4. Plane joints are numerous and are nearly always small
52
Q

Provide an example of a hinge joint and list three (3) features of a hinge joint.

A

The elbow joint is a hinge joint

  1. They permit flexion and extension only
  2. Movements only occur in one plane around a single axis that runs transversely- so they are uniaxial joints.
  3. The joint capsule is thin and lax anteriorly and posteriorly where movement occurs but the bones are joined by strong, laterally placed collateral ligaments.
53
Q

Provide an example of a saddle joint and list three (3) features of a saddle joint.

A

The carpometacarpal joint at the base of the 1st digit is an example of a saddle joint.

  1. They permit abduction and adduction as well as flexion and extension (movements occur around two axes at right angles to each other thus they are biaxial joints.
  2. The collective performance of these movements permits circumduction
  3. The opposing articular surfaces are shaped like a saddle (reciprocally concave and convex)
54
Q

Provide an example of a condyloid joint and list two (2) key features of a condyloid joint.

A

The metacarpophalangeal joints are condyloid joints.

  1. Condyloid joints permit flexion and extension as well as abduction and adduction, thus they are also biaxial joints, however movement in one plane is usually greater than movement in the other plane
  2. Circumduction is possible in a condyloid joint but it is more restricted than that of a saddle joint.
55
Q

Provide an example of a ball and socket joint and list two (2) key features of a ball and socket joint.

A

The hip joint is an example of a ball and socket joint in which the spherical head of the femur rotates within the socket formed by the acetabulum of the hip bone.

  1. They allow movement in multiple axes and planes: flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, medial and lateral rotation and circumduction, so they are multi-axial joints.
  2. They are highly mobile joints, where the spheroidal surface of one bone moves within the socket of another.
56
Q

Provide an example of a pivot joint and list two (2) key features of a pivot joint.

A

The median atlantoaxial joint is a pivot joint inwhich the atlas (C1) rotates around a finger-like process, the dens of the axis (C1) during rotation of the head.

  1. They permit rotation around a central axis, so they are uniaxial
  2. In these joints a rounded process of bone rotates within a sleeve or ring.
57
Q

Discuss the blood supply to joints.

A
  • Joints receive blood from articular arteries that arise form the vessels around the joint.
  • These articular arteries form periarticular arterial anastomoses to ensure blood supply to and across the joint in the various positions assumed by that joint
  • Articular veins communicate veins that accompany arteries, and similarly are located in the joint capsule, mostly in the synovial membrane.
58
Q

Discuss the nerve supply to joints

A
  • Joints have a rich nerve supply provided by articular nerves with sensory nerve endings in the joint capsule.
  • In the distal parts of the limbs, the articular nerves are branches of the cutaneous nerves supplying the overlying skin, however most articular nerves are branches of nerves that supply the muscles that cross and therefore move a joint.
59
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

Hilton’s law states that the nerves supplying a joint also supplies the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachments.

60
Q

Where are pain fibres found with joints?

A

Pain fibres are located with in the fibrous layer and are numerous. They are also located in the accessory ligaments and cause considerable pain when the joint is injured.

In contrast to the fibrous layer, the synovial membrane is relatively insensitive.

61
Q

What impulses do the articular nerves transmit?

A
  1. Articular nerves transmit sensory impulses that contribute to the sense of proprioception as well as pain.
  2. These sensory nerve endings respond to the twisting and stretching.
62
Q

JOINT SUMMARY

  1. A joint is….
A
  1. a union between two or more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton
63
Q

JOINT SUMMARY

  1. Three general types of joins are recognised and they are ….
A
  1. fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints
64
Q

JOINT SUMMARY

  1. Freely movable synoval joints are the …. type and are classified into……
A
  1. are the most common type and can be classified into plane, hinge, saddle, condyloid, ball and socket, and pivot
65
Q

JOINT SUMMARY

  1. Joints receive their blood supply from ….
A
  1. articular arteries that often form networks
66
Q

JOINT SUMMARY

  1. Joints are drained by …….
A
  1. articular veins originating in the synovial membrane
67
Q

JOINT SUMMARY

  1. Joints are richly innervated by….
A
  1. by articular nerves hat transmit the sensation of proprioception

Anatomy (6 decks)

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