7. Roles of Minerals for Osteoporosis Flashcards
Definition of minerals
Ions/free elements obtained from food as it can’t be produced by the body
Classification of minerals
MACRO
Na, K, Cl. Mg, P, Ca
MICRO
Fe, Cu, Zn, I, F
Function of minerals
- Catalyst (cofactors) for biochemical rxns
- Transmission of signals/messages to nerve cells
- Hormone production
- Digestion and absorption of nutrients
- Part of vital organs (Ca, P in bones, teeth; S in keratin)
- Maintain acid base balance in body (Na, K, Cl)
- Nerve and muscle function (Ca, Na, K)
- Unique functions (heme, B12, thyroid hormones)
Enzymes that contain metal ions
Metaloenzymes
functions similarly to coenzymes, variety of functions (e.g. Zn as catalyst, ATP-Mg to increase enzyme efficiency)
Examples of mineral, consequent enzyme and role
- Fe, cytochrome oxidase, ox-red
- Cu, ascorbic acid oxidase, ox-red
- Zn, Alcohol dehydrogenase, NAD binding catalyst
- Mn, histidine ammonia lyase, catalysis and attracts electrons
- Co, glutamin mutase, cobalamine coenzyme
- Ni, urease, catalytic side
- Mo, Xanthine oxidase, ox-red
- Se, glutathione peroxidase, replace S in active site of cysteine
Neutralization of negative charge outside cell
- Mg plays a role in energy production reaction
- Na/K pump which regulates electrolyte conc in cells is controlled by ATP
- Electrolyte balance in cells depends on Mg
Factors affecting requirement of minerala
- Physiological state
- Interaction with other minerals
- Tissue storage (bone, lover; specific proteins to hold and transport)
- Form eaten (inorganic/organic; Na selenite vs Na selenate vs selenomethionine)
Deficiency vs toxicity
- Above optimal range = toxicity
- Below optimal range = deficiency
12 classes of ingredients considered health enhancing
- dietary fibre
- oligosaccharide
- sugar alcohols
- amino acids/peptodes/proteins
- glycosides
- alcohols
- isoprenoids and vitamins
- cholines
- LAB
- minerals
- polyunsaturated FA
- others (phytochemicals, antioxidants)
What are antioxidants
- Molecules that can give electrons to free radicals and terminate the chain reaction of free radicals
- protects LDL and VLDL from oxidation rxns
Role of Zn
Annihilates free radicals
Zn and cofactor + Cu > superoxide dismutase > annihilation of superoxide anions
Sources of Zn
White rice, fish, tempe, vegetables
Role of Se
- When joined w/ proteins, form selenoprotein (antioxidant enzyme)
- Selenoproteins regulate thyroid function and immune system
- Se may act as anti cancer and cardiovascular diseases
- Se is important component of glutathione peroxidase (protects body against H2O2 accumulation, has role in cytosol and mitochondria)
- ^ enzyme system w/ vit E to prevent peroxidation of free radicals in cells while vit E prevent activity of free radicals
- Help w synthesis of immunoglobin and ubiquinone
Role of Cu
- Part of enzyme (metaloenzyme peroxide dismutase)
- Annihilation of free radicals with Zn in cytosol
Role of Mn
- Enzyme cofactor (superoxide dismutase)
- Annihilation of free radicals in body
- Prevent peroxidation of lipids by free radicals
Function of Ca
- Stimulation of muscle contraction
- Secondary messenger
- Bone and muscle formation
- Blood coagulation
- Glycogen breakdown and activator of Krebs cycle
- Stimulates excretion of neurotransmitters (ACh) in nerve cell synapses
What happens are increased plasma Ca2+ levels
- Stimulation of the secretion of calcitonin by follucular cells in the thyroid gland
- Inhibition of reabsorption of Ca and phosphate into kidneys
- Inhibition of osteoclast activity and Ca/phosphate reabsorption in bone
What happens are decreased plasma Ca2+ levels
- Stimation of secretion of PTH
- Increased release of calcium and phosphate from bones
- Stimulation of 1-alpha-hydroxylase in kidneys to produce active vit D
- Activation of vitamin D to increase Ca and phosphate reabsorption in small intestine (main action)
Claims are determined by considering
- type, amount and function of nutrients or food components
- a reasonable amt of food consumed per day
- balanced nutritional consumption patterns
- public health condition
- food worthiness as carrier of nutrient substances or food components
Types of claim
NUTRITION
- nutritional content
- nutritional comparison
HEALTH
- nutritional function
- other function
- claim for decreased disease risk
OTHER
- isotonic
- wo added sugar
- lactose
- gluten
Nutritional claim for Ca
“Kalsium berperan dalam pembentukan dan mempertahankan kepadatan tulang dan gigi”
Health claim for Ca
“Konsumsi kalsium yang cukup sejak dini dapat membantu memperlambat
terjadinya osteoporosis di kemudian hari apabila disertai dengan latihan fisik yang teratur an konsumsi gizi seimbang”
