7-Political authority and government under Nicholas II, 1894-1904

Question 1

What did Nicholas declare he was resolved to do after his coronation?

Answer 1

“Maintain the principle of autocracy”

Question 2

Why was Nicholas unpopular with the ethnic minorities? (3)

Answer 2

• Continued Russification
• His support for the Black Hundreds
• His right-wing and anti-Semitic ideals

Question 3

Why had Russian society become more politicised ?

Answer 3

The failure of the tsarist government to deal with the crisis after Great Famine 1891-92

Question 4

What was the name coined for the instances of arson in the rural communities?

Answer 4

The years of the red cockerel

Question 5

How did Stolpyin deal with the peasant disturbances? (4)

Answer 5

• flogged
• arrested
• exiled
• shot in their thousands

Question 6

What was the number of industrial strikes in 1904?

Answer 6

90,000

Question 7

What were the consequences of the government’s incompetence to deal with the great famine? (3)

Answer 7

• greater public mistrust of the government’s competence
• firmer belief in the power of ordinary members of society playing a key role in the nation’s affairs
• reformist groups developed a broader support base by 1900

Question 8

Who was the Moscow chief of the Okhrana?

Answer 8

Sergei Vasilevich Zubatov

Question 9

What did Zubatov do to control the proliferation of illegal unions?

Answer 9

Began organising his own police sponsored trade unions

Question 10

How did the Okhrana deal with outbursts of trouble in universities? (3)

Answer 10

• expel them
• exile them
• draft them into the military

Question 11

How did the Okhrana deal with outbursts of trouble in universities? (3)

Answer 11

• expel them
• exile them
• draft them into the military

Question 12

What methods did Zubatov use?

Answer 12

Providing ‘official’ channels through which complaints could be heard, in an attempt to prevent workers joining the radical socialists.

Question 13

When did Bloody Sunday take place?

Answer 13

9 January 1905

Question 14

When and where did the 1905 strike begin? (2) How many workers were involved?

Answer 14

• 3 Jan
• Putilov Iron Works
• 1500

Question 15

Who encouraged the Tsar to respond to the Japanese assault in 1904?

Answer 15

Plehve

Question 16

Who led the peaceful march on Jan 9th?

Answer 16

Father Gapon

Question 17

What did Father Gapon wish to present to Nicholas, and to show what? (1)(2)

Answer 17

• A petition

- The workers’ loyalty and a request for reform

Question 18

How many troops were used to break up the demonstration on Bloody Sunday?

Answer 18

12000

Question 19

What did Mirsky agree to in 1904?

Answer 19

To invite zemstvo representatives to come to St Petersburg for discussions

Question 20

What did Bloody Sunday cause?

Answer 20

An outbreak of rebellions, which spread across the Empire

Question 21

What was Nicholas’ statement about Mirsky’s changes?

Answer 21

‘I will never agree to the representative form of government because I consider it harmful to the people whom God has entrusted to me’

Question 22

When did Nicholas agree to meet the workers’ representation and after what? (2)

Answer 22

• 4 February 1905

- After the assassination of Grand Duke Sergei

Question 23

How did Nicholas inflame sentiments? (2)

Answer 23

• Suggesting that the workers were badly advised

- Said the workers should return work

Question 24

What was set up to set up a general strike and when did it begin?

Answer 24

A St Petersburg Soviet dominated by social revolutionaries at the beginning of October 1905

Question 25

What Moderate Minister did Nicholas replace and with whom? (3)

Answer 25

- Mirsky - Alexander Bulygin (Minister of Internal Affairs) - Major-General Dmitri Feodorvich Trepov (Military governor)

Question 26

What did the October Manifesto promise? (3)

Answer 26

- grant civic freedom - to establish a state duma so allowing a voice to all classes of the population - to give the state duma the power to approve laws

Question 27

What did Trepov order troops to do despite the October Manifesto?

Answer 27

"fire no blanks and spare no bullets" in forcing strikers back to work

Question 28

What did Jews and peasants suffer in 1905? (2)

Answer 28

- Pogroms | - rounded up and flogged

Question 29

What was the arrangement of the lower chamber (the state duma)?

Answer 29

- members elected under a system of indirect voting by estates in favour of the nobility and peasants - Deputies were to be elected for a five year term

Question 30

What was the arrangement of the upper chamber (the state council)?

Answer 30

-half elected by zemstva half appointed by the Tsar

Question 31

What was the arrangement of the government (council of ministers under the Prime minister)?

Answer 31

Was to be appointed exclusively by the Tsar. The government was responsible to the crown.

Question 32

When did Nicholas issue his Fundamental laws?

Answer 32

23 April 1906

Question 33

What did Article 4 of the Fundamental laws say?

Answer 33

"It is ordained by God himself that the Tsar's authority should be submitted to, not only out of fear but out of a genuine sense of duty"

Question 34

What did the Tsar claim the right to through the Fundamental laws? (9)

Answer 34

- veto legislation - rule by decree in an emergency or when the Duma is not in session - appoint and dismiss government ministers - dissolve the Duma when he wished - command Russia's land and sea forces - declare war, negotiate peace and treaties with foreign countries - control military and household expenditure - overturn verdicts and sentences given in a court of law - control the Orthodox Church

Question 35

On 3 December 1905 what weakened the revolutionary movement?

Answer 35

- The headquarters of the St Petersburg Soviet was surrounded and its leaders arrested - Leaders were tried and exiled to Siberia

Question 36

When was the SDWP founded?

Answer 36

1898

Question 37

When did the SDWP split?

Answer 37

1903

Question 38

What two groups did the SDWP split into?

Answer 38

Bolsheviks- led by Lenin | Mensheviks- led by Martov

Question 39

What did the Bolsheviks believe in? (4)

Answer 39

- discipline - centralisation - organisation - role of the proletariat under the party guidance

Question 40

What did the Mensheviks believe in? (2)

Answer 40

- co operation with bourgeoisie/liberals rather than the peasantry - use of legal channels of opposition

Question 41

When was the first Duma?

Answer 41

May-July 1906

Question 42

What was the nickname for the first Duma?

Answer 42

the Duma of National Hopes

Question 43

Who boycotted the first Duma?(3)

Answer 43

- Bolsheviks - SRs - Union of the Russian People

Question 44

How many of the new deputies came from the peasantry in the first Duma?

Answer 44

1/3

Question 45

What was the first Duma strongly critical of and what did this lead to?

Answer 45

The Tsar and his ministers leading to the resignation of Witte

Question 46

Who replaced Witte as Prime Minister?

Answer 46

Ivan Goremykin

Question 47

What did the 'address to the throne' that the first Duma passed request? (8)

Answer 47

- political amnesty - the abolition of the state council - the transfer of ministerial responsibility to the Duma - the compulsory seizure of land without compensation - universal and direct male suffrage - the abandonment of emergency laws - the abolition of the death penalty - reform of the civil service

Question 48

What was Nicholas' response to the 'address to the throne' and how did the Duma respond to that?

Answer 48

- the demands were 'totally inadmissible' | - the Duma passed a vote of no confidence in the government and demanded the resignation of the Tsar's ministers

Question 49

For how many weeks was the first Duma dissolved?

Answer 49

10 weeks

Question 50

Who replaced Ivan as prime minister?

Answer 50

Stolypin

Question 51

When was the second Duma?

Answer 51

February-June 1907

Question 52

What was the nickname for the second Duma?

Answer 52

The Duma of National Anger

Question 53

Why was Stolypin's government's attempt to influence the elections unsuccessful?

Answer 53

The number of the more extreme left-wing increased enormously because the Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and SRs decided to participate

Question 54

What was the second Duma more of than the previous?

Answer 54

More oppositional

Question 55

What did Stolypin struggle to find support for in the second Duma?

Answer 55

His agrarian reform programme

Question 56

What did Stolypin do because he struggled to find support?

Answer 56

resorted to passing legislation under the Tsar's emergency powers while the Duma was not in session.

Question 57

How did the second Duma react to Stolypin? How did Stolypin react to this?

Answer 57

- They refused to ratify the legislation he passed when they were not in session - Stolypin spread a story about a plot to kill the Tsar and dissolved the Duma

Question 58

What did Stolypin do after dissolving the second Duma? What effect did this have?

Answer 58

- He introduced an (illegal) emergency law to alter the franchise - The weight of peasants, workers, and minorities drastically reduced whilst the representation of the gentry increased

Question 59

When was the third Duma?

Answer 59

November 1907- June 1912

Question 60

What was the nickname for the third Duma

Answer 60

The Duma of Lords and Lackeys

Question 61

What did the third Duma become?

Answer 61

More submissive

Question 61

What did the third Duma become?

Answer 61

More submissive

Question 62

How many government proposals were agreed in the third Duma?

Answer 62

2200/2500

Question 63

What was the sign of how unpopular the tsarist regime had become in the third Duma?

Answer 63

This Duma proved confrontational

Question 64

What did the Third Duma dispute over? (3)

Answer 64

- naval staff - Stolypin's proposals to extend primary education - Stolypin's local government reform

Question 65

How many times did the third Duma get suspended and when?

Answer 65

- twice | - 1911

Question 66

How did the government pass legislation under the third Duma?

Answer 66

forced it through the emergency provisions

Question 67

What was made clear about the Dumas in 1912?

Answer 67

The Duma system was not working

Question 68

When was the fourth Duma?

Answer 68

November 1912-1917

Question 69

Who was the new Prime Minister under the fourth Duma and for how long did he remain at his post?

Answer 69

- Count Vladimir Nikolaevich Kokovsov | - 1914

Question 70

What was the fourth Duma like?

Answer 70

relatively docile

Question 71

How and When did Stolypin die?

Answer 71

- Assassinated | - 1911

Question 72

What did the Prime Minister of the fourth Duma proclaim?

Answer 72

"Thank God we still have no parliament"

Question 73

How did Kokovtsov treat the Duma and what was the effect of this?

Answer 73

He simply ignored it. This caused the influence of the Duma to decline.

Question 74

Why could the fourth Duma not fight against Kokovtsov?

Answer 74

They were too divided

Question 75

What did the workers do in the fourth Duma?

Answer 75

They seized the initiative with a revival of direct action and strike activity in the years before the war.