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Russia Section 2 > 7-Political authority and government under Nicholas II, 1894-1904 > Flashcards

7-Political authority and government under Nicholas II, 1894-1904 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Nicholas declare he was resolved to do after his coronation?

A

“Maintain the principle of autocracy”

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2
Q

Why was Nicholas unpopular with the ethnic minorities? (3)

A
  • Continued Russification
  • His support for the Black Hundreds
  • His right-wing and anti-Semitic ideals
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3
Q

Why had Russian society become more politicised ?

A

The failure of the tsarist government to deal with the crisis after Great Famine 1891-92

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4
Q

What was the name coined for the instances of arson in the rural communities?

A

The years of the red cockerel

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5
Q

How did Stolpyin deal with the peasant disturbances? (4)

A
  • flogged
  • arrested
  • exiled
  • shot in their thousands
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6
Q

What was the number of industrial strikes in 1904?

A

90,000

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7
Q

What were the consequences of the government’s incompetence to deal with the great famine? (3)

A
  • greater public mistrust of the government’s competence
  • firmer belief in the power of ordinary members of society playing a key role in the nation’s affairs
  • reformist groups developed a broader support base by 1900
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8
Q

Who was the Moscow chief of the Okhrana?

A

Sergei Vasilevich Zubatov

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9
Q

What did Zubatov do to control the proliferation of illegal unions?

A

Began organising his own police sponsored trade unions

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10
Q

How did the Okhrana deal with outbursts of trouble in universities? (3)

A
  • expel them
  • exile them
  • draft them into the military
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11
Q

How did the Okhrana deal with outbursts of trouble in universities? (3)

A
  • expel them
  • exile them
  • draft them into the military
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12
Q

What methods did Zubatov use?

A

Providing ‘official’ channels through which complaints could be heard, in an attempt to prevent workers joining the radical socialists.

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13
Q

When did Bloody Sunday take place?

A

9 January 1905

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14
Q

When and where did the 1905 strike begin? (2) How many workers were involved?

A
  • 3 Jan
  • Putilov Iron Works
  • 1500
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15
Q

Who encouraged the Tsar to respond to the Japanese assault in 1904?

A

Plehve

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16
Q

Who led the peaceful march on Jan 9th?

A

Father Gapon

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17
Q

What did Father Gapon wish to present to Nicholas, and to show what? (1)(2)

A
  • A petition

- The workers’ loyalty and a request for reform

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18
Q

How many troops were used to break up the demonstration on Bloody Sunday?

A

12000

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19
Q

What did Mirsky agree to in 1904?

A

To invite zemstvo representatives to come to St Petersburg for discussions

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20
Q

What did Bloody Sunday cause?

A

An outbreak of rebellions, which spread across the Empire

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21
Q

What was Nicholas’ statement about Mirsky’s changes?

A

‘I will never agree to the representative form of government because I consider it harmful to the people whom God has entrusted to me’

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22
Q

When did Nicholas agree to meet the workers’ representation and after what? (2)

A
  • 4 February 1905

- After the assassination of Grand Duke Sergei

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23
Q

How did Nicholas inflame sentiments? (2)

A
  • Suggesting that the workers were badly advised

- Said the workers should return work

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24
Q

What was set up to set up a general strike and when did it begin?

A

A St Petersburg Soviet dominated by social revolutionaries at the beginning of October 1905

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25
Q

What Moderate Minister did Nicholas replace and with whom? (3)

A
  • Mirsky
  • Alexander Bulygin (Minister of Internal Affairs)
  • Major-General Dmitri Feodorvich Trepov (Military governor)
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26
Q

What did the October Manifesto promise? (3)

A
  • grant civic freedom
  • to establish a state duma so allowing a voice to all classes of the population
  • to give the state duma the power to approve laws
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27
Q

What did Trepov order troops to do despite the October Manifesto?

A

“fire no blanks and spare no bullets” in forcing strikers back to work

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28
Q

What did Jews and peasants suffer in 1905? (2)

A
  • Pogroms

- rounded up and flogged

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29
Q

What was the arrangement of the lower chamber (the state duma)?

A
  • members elected under a system of indirect voting by estates in favour of the nobility and peasants
  • Deputies were to be elected for a five year term
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30
Q

What was the arrangement of the upper chamber (the state council)?

A

-half elected by zemstva half appointed by the Tsar

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31
Q

What was the arrangement of the government (council of ministers under the Prime minister)?

A

Was to be appointed exclusively by the Tsar. The government was responsible to the crown.

32
Q

When did Nicholas issue his Fundamental laws?

A

23 April 1906

33
Q

What did Article 4 of the Fundamental laws say?

A

“It is ordained by God himself that the Tsar’s authority should be submitted to, not only out of fear but out of a genuine sense of duty”

34
Q

What did the Tsar claim the right to through the Fundamental laws? (9)

A
  • veto legislation
  • rule by decree in an emergency or when the Duma is not in session
  • appoint and dismiss government ministers
  • dissolve the Duma when he wished
  • command Russia’s land and sea forces
  • declare war, negotiate peace and treaties with foreign countries
  • control military and household expenditure
  • overturn verdicts and sentences given in a court of law
  • control the Orthodox Church
35
Q

On 3 December 1905 what weakened the revolutionary movement?

A
  • The headquarters of the St Petersburg Soviet was surrounded and its leaders arrested
  • Leaders were tried and exiled to Siberia
36
Q

When was the SDWP founded?

A

1898

37
Q

When did the SDWP split?

A

1903

38
Q

What two groups did the SDWP split into?

A

Bolsheviks- led by Lenin

Mensheviks- led by Martov

39
Q

What did the Bolsheviks believe in? (4)

A
  • discipline
  • centralisation
  • organisation
  • role of the proletariat under the party guidance
40
Q

What did the Mensheviks believe in? (2)

A
  • co operation with bourgeoisie/liberals rather than the peasantry
  • use of legal channels of opposition
41
Q

When was the first Duma?

A

May-July 1906

42
Q

What was the nickname for the first Duma?

A

the Duma of National Hopes

43
Q

Who boycotted the first Duma?(3)

A
  • Bolsheviks
  • SRs
  • Union of the Russian People
44
Q

How many of the new deputies came from the peasantry in the first Duma?

A

1/3

45
Q

What was the first Duma strongly critical of and what did this lead to?

A

The Tsar and his ministers leading to the resignation of Witte

46
Q

Who replaced Witte as Prime Minister?

A

Ivan Goremykin

47
Q

What did the ‘address to the throne’ that the first Duma passed request? (8)

A
  • political amnesty
  • the abolition of the state council
  • the transfer of ministerial responsibility to the Duma
  • the compulsory seizure of land without compensation
  • universal and direct male suffrage
  • the abandonment of emergency laws
  • the abolition of the death penalty
  • reform of the civil service
48
Q

What was Nicholas’ response to the ‘address to the throne’ and how did the Duma respond to that?

A
  • the demands were ‘totally inadmissible’

- the Duma passed a vote of no confidence in the government and demanded the resignation of the Tsar’s ministers

49
Q

For how many weeks was the first Duma dissolved?

A

10 weeks

50
Q

Who replaced Ivan as prime minister?

A

Stolypin

51
Q

When was the second Duma?

A

February-June 1907

52
Q

What was the nickname for the second Duma?

A

The Duma of National Anger

53
Q

Why was Stolypin’s government’s attempt to influence the elections unsuccessful?

A

The number of the more extreme left-wing increased enormously because the Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and SRs decided to participate

54
Q

What was the second Duma more of than the previous?

A

More oppositional

55
Q

What did Stolypin struggle to find support for in the second Duma?

A

His agrarian reform programme

56
Q

What did Stolypin do because he struggled to find support?

A

resorted to passing legislation under the Tsar’s emergency powers while the Duma was not in session.

57
Q

How did the second Duma react to Stolypin? How did Stolypin react to this?

A
  • They refused to ratify the legislation he passed when they were not in session
  • Stolypin spread a story about a plot to kill the Tsar and dissolved the Duma
58
Q

What did Stolypin do after dissolving the second Duma? What effect did this have?

A
  • He introduced an (illegal) emergency law to alter the franchise
  • The weight of peasants, workers, and minorities drastically reduced whilst the representation of the gentry increased
59
Q

When was the third Duma?

A

November 1907- June 1912

60
Q

What was the nickname for the third Duma

A

The Duma of Lords and Lackeys

61
Q

What did the third Duma become?

A

More submissive

61
Q

What did the third Duma become?

A

More submissive

62
Q

How many government proposals were agreed in the third Duma?

A

2200/2500

63
Q

What was the sign of how unpopular the tsarist regime had become in the third Duma?

A

This Duma proved confrontational

64
Q

What did the Third Duma dispute over? (3)

A
  • naval staff
  • Stolypin’s proposals to extend primary education
  • Stolypin’s local government reform
65
Q

How many times did the third Duma get suspended and when?

A
  • twice

- 1911

66
Q

How did the government pass legislation under the third Duma?

A

forced it through the emergency provisions

67
Q

What was made clear about the Dumas in 1912?

A

The Duma system was not working

68
Q

When was the fourth Duma?

A

November 1912-1917

69
Q

Who was the new Prime Minister under the fourth Duma and for how long did he remain at his post?

A
  • Count Vladimir Nikolaevich Kokovsov

- 1914

70
Q

What was the fourth Duma like?

A

relatively docile

71
Q

How and When did Stolypin die?

A
  • Assassinated

- 1911

72
Q

What did the Prime Minister of the fourth Duma proclaim?

A

“Thank God we still have no parliament”

73
Q

How did Kokovtsov treat the Duma and what was the effect of this?

A

He simply ignored it. This caused the influence of the Duma to decline.

74
Q

Why could the fourth Duma not fight against Kokovtsov?

A

They were too divided

75
Q

What did the workers do in the fourth Duma?

A

They seized the initiative with a revival of direct action and strike activity in the years before the war.

Russia Section 2 (10 decks)

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