7 Organic Chemistry

Question 1

what is crude oil?

Answer 1

crude oil is a mixture of compounds; a fossil fuel consisting of the remains of ancient biomass.
finite resource - cannot be replaced as it is used up.

Question 2

what is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 2

a compound made up exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms

Question 3

what are alkanes?

Answer 3

saturated hydrocarbons of general formula CnH2n+2

Question 3

explain how fractional distillation of crude oil takes place

Answer 3

• crude oil is heated and vaporised.
• vapor rises up the fractionating column (tower).
• the column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top.
• hydrocarbons cool as they go uop the column and condense at different heights, as they have different boiling points.
• large molecules, high boiling points - collected at the bottom.
• small molecules, low boiling points - collected at the top.
• this gives fractions, which can be used in various ways.

Question 4

describe the combustion of hydrocarbons

Answer 4

• exothermic reaction occurring when hydrocarbons are reacted with oxygen.
• complete combustion produces carbon dioxide and water (carbon and hydrogen atoms are completely oxidised).
• incomplete combustion produces carbon or carbon monoxide and water.

Question 4

what is a homologous series?

Answer 4

series of compounds with same general formula, same functional groups and similar chemical properties.

Question 4

describe the physical properties of alkanes

Answer 4

• first few in series are gases, then change to liquids, then to solids.
• in general, boiling points and viscosity increases as molecules get bigger.
• volatility and flammability decrease as molecules get bigger.
• poor reactivity.

Question 5

what is cracking?

Answer 5

when large hydrocarbons are thermally broken down into smaller and useful molecules

Question 5

what type of reaction is cracking?

Answer 5

thermal decomposition

Question 6

what is an alkene?

Answer 6

unsaturated hydrocarbon. conrtains a C=C bond.
general formula for alkenes is CnH2n.

Question 6

what are the conditions for cracking?

Answer 6

reactant heated to vapor, passed over a hot catalyst (catalystic cracking) or heated to vapor, mixed with steam and heated to high temperatures (steam cracking)

Question 7

how are the products of cracking used?

Answer 7

the products are alkanes and alkenes - used as polymers and starting materials for synthesis.

Question 8

what are some uses of alcohols?

Answer 8

• fuels
• solvents
• drinks

Question 8

describe the combustion of alkenes

Answer 8

they burn with smoky flames due to incomplete combustion

Question 8

what is the test for alkenes?

Answer 8

add bromine water. colour change occurs from orange to colourless.

Question 9

describe addition reactions of alkenes

Answer 9

addition atoms across the carbon-carbon double bond so that the double bone becomes a single carbon-carbon bond.
a) with hydrogen - hydrogenation; requires a higher temperature and a nickel catalyst
b) with steam - hydration; requires high temperature, pressure, and concentrated phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as a catalyst
c) with Br2/Cl2/I2 - addition of halogens

Question 9

state characteristics of methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol

Answer 9

• dissolve in water to form a neutral solution.
• react with sodium to form hydrogen.
• burn in oxygen.
• react with carboxylic acids in presence of acid catalyst to form esters.

Question 10

what is an alcohol?

Answer 10

an organic compound that contains an -OH functional group

Question 10

state the conditions required for fermentation of glucose and state the equation of the reaction

Answer 10

30 degrees Celsius, aqueous solution of the glucose, absense of air, yeast added;
C6H12O6 –? 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2

Question 10

oxidation of the alcohols leads to…?

Answer 10

carboxylic acids

Question 10

explain why carboxylic acids are weak acids?

Answer 10

they are partially dissociated in water, thus the pH of a carboxylic acid in solution is not as low as a solution of a strong acid of the same concentration.

Question 11

state characteristics of carboxylic acids

Answer 11

• dissolve in water to form an acidic solution (contains H+ ions)
• react with metal carbonates to form carbon dioxide
• react with alcohols with an acid catalyst to produce esters
• react with metals to give off hydrogen gas

Question 11

what are carboxylic acids?

Answer 11

organic compounds that contain a COOH functional group

Question 11

what type of acid is carboxylic acid?

Answer 11

it is a weak acid.

Question 12

what is an ester and how is it formed?

Answer 12

an organic compound containing a -COO- functional group, formed from carboxylic acid and alcohol in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst.
they have a fruity smell.

Question 12

give 3 examples of addition polymers and their uses.

Answer 12

polyethene - plastic bags
(poly)tetrafluoroethene (PTFE) - teflon surfaces, for use in non-stick kitchenware
(poly)chloroethenne (polyvinylchloride, PVC) - water pipes

Question 13

what is a polymer? how do molecules containing C=C bond form polymers?

Answer 13

a polymer is a long chain molecule which is made by lots of smaller molecules joining together.
C=C bonds open up and many smaller molecules (monomers) join together to form a chain (a polymer). no other products are made.
it is called an “addition polymerisation” reaction.

Question 14

what is a repeating unit of a polymer?

Answer 14

it is a smallest structure which, upon numerous translations, yields the structure of the polymer.
in addition polymers: to draw it, tale a monomer, change C=C TO C-C and show additional single bonds extending away from these carbons.

Question 15

what is a condensation polymer?

Answer 15

it is a polymer made in condensation polymerisation.
in this reaction, many molecules join together; the polymer is formed, but also a small molecule is released, e.g. H20, HCl.
polyesters, e.g. terylene.
polyamides, e.g. nylon.

Question 16

what is an amide bond?

Answer 16

an amide bond is similar to the ester bond, with O replaced by N, e,.g. (C=O)-NH2
just like an ester, it contains the C=O group.

Question 17

what is an amino acid?

Answer 17

it is an organic compound that contains both a carboxylic acid functionality (COOH) and an amine functional group (-NH2).

Question 18

how do amino acids made proteins? what are polypeptides?

Answer 18

by numerous condensation polymerisation reactions; proteins are polymers made of amino acids (monomers).
*polypeptides are also made by coondesation polymerisation of amino acids, but are shorter than proteins. one could think about proteins as a product of many polypeptide chains bonded together.

Question 19

what are carbohydrates?

Answer 19

they are organic molecules made of C,H and O. they are biologically relevant, e.g. starch and cellulose.
both of these are polymers made of glucose (other carbohydrates) monomers. their structures differ in the wat the glucose molecules are joined together.

Question 20

what is DNA? describe its role and structure.

Answer 20

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) os a material that makes up chromosomes - call structures that store genetic information.
DNA is made of two polymer chains that are held together in a double helix.
each polymer chain can be made from 4 different monomers - nucleotides.