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ap psychology > 7. motivation, emotion, and personality > Flashcards

7. motivation, emotion, and personality Flashcards

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1
Q

motivations

A

the reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way

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2
Q

instinct theory of motivation

A

instinct drives behavior; behavior that helps preserve the individual and species is passed on

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3
Q

drive-reduction theory of motivation

A

internal deficiencies (drivers) push us to behave in such a way that we reduce the drives to maintain homestasis

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4
Q

incentives

A

behavior that is motivated by the “pull” of external stimuli, or incentives

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5
Q

optimal arousal theory

A

an individual’s performance peaks at optimal arousal
ex: test taking

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6
Q

yerkes-dodson law

A

elevated arousal levels can improve performance up to a certain point

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7
Q

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

incorporates the idea that we have various levels of needs including lower-level physiological and safety needs and higher-level social needs.

  1. self-actualization
  2. self esteem
  3. love and belonging
  4. safety
  5. phsyiological
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8
Q

glucose

A

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for the body tissues. when its levels are low, we feel hungry

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9
Q

what part of the brain integrates glucose messages and hunger pains?

A

the hypothalamus

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10
Q

four hormones involved in hunger

A

insulin, ghrelin, orexin, leptin, pyy

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11
Q

insulin (hormone)

A

location: pancreas
activity: controls blood glucose

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12
Q

ghrelin (hormone)

A

location: empty stomach
activity: “i’m hungry” signal

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13
Q

orexin (hormone)

A

location: hypothalamus
activity: hunger-triggering

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14
Q

leptin (protein hormone)

A

location: fat cells
activity: when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

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15
Q

pyy

A

location: digestive tract
activity: “i’m not hungry signal”

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16
Q

set point

A

the point at which an individual’s ‘weight thermostat’ is supposedly set

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17
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the amount of energy per unit of time that a person needs to keep the body functioning at rest

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18
Q

3 different situational influences on eating

A

social: eat more when you are with people
unit bias: when offered the larger amount you eat it
food variety: buffets

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19
Q

affiliation need

A

wanting to belong: the need to belong colors our thinking and emotions
social acceptance: a sense of belonging with others increases our self esteem. social segregation decreases it
maintaining relationships: we resist breaking social bonds, even bad ones
ostracism: social exclusion leads to demoralization, depression, and at times nasty behavior

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20
Q

emotion

A

psychological responses of the whole organism involving an interplay among physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.

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21
Q

james-lange theory

A

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus:

stimulus, arousal, emotion

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22
Q

cannon-bard theory

A

the theory that an emotion-arousing sitmulus simultaneously triggers (1) phsyiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

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23
Q

two-factor theory

A

the schachter-singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

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24
Q

how does lazarus explain emotions

A

emotion researcher richard lazarus conceded that our brain processes vast amounts of information without our conscious awareness and that some emotional responses do not require conscious thinking.

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25
Q

facial feedback effect

A

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

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26
Q

free association

A

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

27
Q

psychoanalysis

A

freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

28
Q

id

A

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. the id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

29
Q

pleasure principle

A

demanding immediate gratification

30
Q

ego

A

the largely conscious, ‘executive’ part of the personality that, according to freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. the ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

31
Q

reality principle

A

satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

32
Q

superego

A

the part of personality that, according to freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment )(the conscience) and for future aspirations

33
Q

oedipus complex

A

according to freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

34
Q

electra complex

A

according to freud, a girl’s sexual desires toward her father and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival mother

35
Q

repression

A

pushing unacceptable thoughts/feelings out of conscious awareness
ex: unknowingly blocking unwanted feelings of jealousy toward your best friend’s academic success

36
Q

regression

A

returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior
ex: throwing a temper tantrum during an especially stressful period of your adult life

37
Q

reaction formation

A

expressing the opposite of how one truly feels
ex: feeling guilty about illegally downloading movies from the internet and joining a group to promote awareness to stop it

38
Q

projection

A

falsely and unconsciously attributing your own unacceptable thoughts/feelings to individuals or objects
ex: accusing other students of cheating rather than taking responsibility for your own immoral behavior

39
Q

rationalization

A

coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence
ex: deciding that procrastination leads to better essays and putting off writing until the last minute

40
Q

displacement

A

redirecting one’s feelings toward another person or object
ex: picking a fight with a salesclerk after getting angry with your best friend

41
Q

sublimation

A

channeling one’s frustration toward a different goal
ex: channeling your frustration with school into a vigorous workout

42
Q

denial

A

refusing to recognize some anxiety-provoking information that is clear to others
ex: disregarding scientific evidence that smoking increases the risk of lung cancer and buying a carton of cigarettes

43
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

modern approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious mind and the importance of childhood experiences

44
Q

carl jung’s collective unconscious

A

a set of inherited images and experiences common to all humans: archetypes
ex: the wise old man, the nurturing mother, the hero, and the quest

45
Q

projective tests

A

ambiguous stimuli/designed to trigger projection of inner dynamics

46
Q

thematic apperception test (tat)

A

proposed by henry murray, it is a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests though their descriptions of stories made up from ambiguous scenes, like a bird flying out from a chair. this tests the unconscious mind

47
Q

rorschach inkblot test

A

the most widely used projective test, it assessed people’s inner feelings based upon their interpretation of 10 inkblots. however, very few of these tests show validity. it is now only used for reception or introduction to therapy, not diagnosis.

48
Q

humanistic theorists

A

emphasized the human capacity for goodness, creativity, and free will; recognizes that nature and nurture influence personality but focuses on individuals having free will and making choices

49
Q

carl rogers’ person centered perceptive focuses on three conditions being met

A

genuineness: honest
acceptance: supporting
empathy: understanding and compassionate

50
Q

self concept

A

all the unique beliefs and personality characteristics an individual has

51
Q

criticisms against human psychology

A

1) difficult to test scientifically
2) the humanist idea that individuals are innately good and striving for perfection is too optimistic
3) despite the criticisms, humanism has expanded the field of personality psychology to focus more on healthy individuals –> positive psychology

52
Q

traits

A

patterns of enduring and stable characteristics that influence a person to act in a consistent way. usually measured using self-report inventories that ask people to judge their agreement with statements describing behavior that might be indicative of some particular trait

53
Q

personality inventories

A

a questionnaire (often with true/false or agree/disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviours; used to assess selected personality traits

54
Q

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (mmpi)

A

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes

55
Q

costa and mcrae’s big five dimensions of personality

A

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness (to experience), extraversion

56
Q

bandura’s social cognitive perspective

A

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context

57
Q

behavioral approach

A

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

58
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

59
Q

personal control

A

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

60
Q

martin seligman

A

founded positive psychology: the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

61
Q

spotlight effect

A

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating or appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

62
Q

self esteem

A

one’s feelings of high or low self worth

63
Q

self efficacy

A

one’s sense of competence and effectiveness

ap psychology (3 decks)

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