7. Fields And Their Consequences Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Define back EMF

A

An emf generated by the coil in an AC generator that acts against the potential difference that has been supplied to the motor

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2
Q

Define capacitance, C

A

The charge stored per unit pd in a capacitor

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3
Q

Define capacitor

A

An electrical component that stores charge. A parallel-plate capacitor is made of two parallel conducting plates with an insulator between them (dielectric)

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4
Q

Define Coulomb’s law

A

The size of the force that acts between two point charges is proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation. It is attractive for opposite charges and repulsive for like charges.

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5
Q

Define cyclotron

A

A particle accelerator made up of two D shaped electrodes positioned opposite each other. The electric field changes direction each time a particle moves from one electrode to the other, causing the particle to accelerate

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6
Q

Define dielectric

A

An insulating material placed between the two plates of a capacitor in order to increase the amount of charge it can store

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7
Q

Define electrical conductor

A

A material that contains free electrons that are able to move throughout the material and carry charge

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8
Q

Define electrical insulator

A

A material that does not contain any free electrons. All electrons in an insulator are part of the individual atoms that make it up.

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9
Q

Define electric field

A

A region surrounding a charged object which causes a force to be exerted on any charged object placed within the field

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10
Q

Define electric field strength ,E (at a point in the field)

A

The force per unit positive charge exerted on a charged object placed at that point in the field. This is a vector acting in the same direction as the force on a positive charge.

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11
Q

Define electric potential, V (at a point in the field)

A

The work done per unit charge in a positive test charge in bringing it from infinity to that point in the field.

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12
Q

Define electromagnetic induction

A

When an emf in induced in a wire/conducting rod when it is moved relative to a magnetic field.

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13
Q

Define equipotential

A

A surface of constant potential. No work is done by the field when an object moves along an equipotential

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14
Q

Define escape velocity

A

The minimum velocity required by an object to be able to escape a gravitational field of a mass when projected vertically from its surface.

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15
Q

Define Faraday’s law

A

The magnitude of the induced emf is equal to the rate of change of flux linkage through the circuit

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16
Q

Define field line/line of force

A

A line representing the path that a North Pole (magnetic field), positive charge (electric field) or mass (gravitational field) would take when placed within the field

17
Q

Define force field

A

An area in which an object will experience a non-contact force

18
Q

Define geostationary satellite

A

A satellite that orbits above the equator with a 24 hour period, so it will always remain above the same position on the Earth. They orbit approximately 36,000km above the surface of the Earth.

19
Q

Define gravitational field

A

A regional surrounding a mass in which any other object with mass will experience an attractive force.

20
Q

Define gravitational field strength

A

The force per unit mass exerted on a small test mass placed within the field

21
Q

Define gravitational potential, V (at a point in the field)

A

The work done per unit mass required to move a small test mass from infinity to that point

22
Q

Define gravitational potential energy

A

The component of an object’s energy due to its position in a gravitational field

23
Q

Define Kepler’s third law

A

The square of an object’s orbital period (T) is directly proportional to the cube of its orbital radius

24
Q

Define Lenz’s law

A

An induced current is always in a direction so as to oppose the change that caused it.

25
Q

Define magnetic field

A

A region surrounding a magnet or current-carrying wire that will exert a force on any other magnet or current-carrying wire placed within it

26
Q

Define magnetic flux

A

A value which describes the magnetic flues or field lines passing though an area. It is the product of magnetic flux density and the perpendicular area it passes through.

27
Q

Define magnetic flux density

A

The force per unit current per unit length on a current-carrying wire placed at 90 degrees to the field lines. Sometimes referred to as the magnetic field strength

28
Q

Define magnetic flux linkage

A

The magnetic flux multiplied by the number of turns, N, of the coil

29
Q

Define motor effect

A

When a current-carrying wire is placed within a magnetic field (non-parallel to the field lines) and experiences a force perpendicular to both the wire and the field lines.

30
Q

Define permittivity of free space

A

A measure of the ability of a vacuum to allow an electric field to pass through it

31
Q

Define polarised

A

An atom/molecule becomes polarised when an external electric field causes the negative electron cloud to be shifted in the opposite direction to the positive nucleus - the charges are pulled in opposite directions ( this is what happens to the molecules of the dielectric in a capacitor).

32
Q

Define potential gradient

A

The change of potential per metre at a point in the field

33
Q

Define radial field

A

A field in which the field lines are all directed towards a single point (e.g. the centre of a planet or a point charge)

34
Q

Define relative permittivity

A

The ratio of charge stored in a capacitor with the dielectric to charge stored without the dielectric. Also sometimes referred to as the dielectric constant

35
Q

Define step-down transformer

A

A device made of two insulated wires coiled around an iron core in which the output voltage is smaller than the input voltage due to the secondary coil having fewer turns than the primary coil.

36
Q

Define step-up transformer

A

A device made of two insulated wires coiled around an iron core in which the output voltage is greater than the input voltage due to the secondary coil having more turns than the primary coil.

37
Q

Define synchronous orbit

A

An orbit in which the period of the orbit is equal to the rotational period of the object that it is orbiting

38
Q

Define time constant

A

The time taken for a capacitor to discharge to 37% (e to the power of -1) of its initial charge. The time constant is equal to the product of the capacitance and the resistance of the fixed resistor (that the capacitor is being discharged through)

39
Q

Define uniform field

A

A field in which all of the field line are parallel and equally spaced - field strength is equal in all areas of the field