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Biology - Module 3 > 7 - Exchange surfaces and breathing > Flashcards

7 - Exchange surfaces and breathing Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are exchange surfaces needed in a multi-cellular organism?

A

All living cells need a supply of oxygen and nutrients to survive.
They also need to remove waste products so these don’t build up and become toxic.
Small cells don’t need them because diffusion is sufficient enough to sustain the cell.
Large organisms will have more than 2 layers of cells so diffusion won’t be able to supply all the requirements.

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2
Q

Cuboid

SA & V

A 
V = l x w x h
SA = (4 x l x w) + (2 x h x w)
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3
Q

Cylinder

SA & V

A

Area of circle = πr2
V = πr2h
SA = (2πrh) + 2πr2

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4
Q

Sphere

SA & V

A 
V = 4/3πr3
SA = 4πr2
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5
Q

To calculate ratio

A

SA / V = RATIO

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6
Q

Features of an efficient gas exchange:

Large SA

A

Provides a large area over which exchange materials can occur (root hair cells, villi in the intestine)

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7
Q

Features of an efficient gas exchange:

Thin layer

A

Creates a short diffusion passage for gases (alveoli and villi)

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8
Q

Features of an efficient gas exchange:

Blood supply

A

Consistent supply of blood, maintains a larger diffusion gradient. Steeper gradient = faster diffusion

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9
Q

Features of an efficient gas exchange:

Ventilation

A

Maintains the concentration gradient. Processes are faster and more efficient

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10
Q

Main features of epithelial tissue

A

Form continuous layers on internal and external
Cells rest on a basement membrane made of collagen fibres
Free surfaces can be highly specialised (e.g. absorption secretion, excretion)
Damage cells replaced by division

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11
Q

Squamous epithelium

A

Thin flattened cells
Disc shaped nucleus
Cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells
Fit closely
Found in Bowman’s capsule, alveoli, blood vessels and chambers of the heart

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12
Q

Columnar epithelium

A

Intestine epithelial cells
Cells extend of from the basement membrane
Surfaces often has microvilli

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13
Q

Trachea

A

Surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle and regular c shaped cartilage
The rings are incomplete to allow food to pass down the oesophagus easily
Incomplete rings to allow them to bend when food is swallowed
Lined with ciliated epithelial cells to prevent dust from entering

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14
Q

Bronchi

A

Branches into two into each lung

Supported by cartilage which is deposited in partial rings and irregular blocks

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15
Q

Bronchioles

A

Primary bronchioles divide into turn meal bronchioles respiratory gas exchange takes place
Bronchioles smaller tubes which are 1 mm or less in diameter

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16
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny groups of air sac at the end of respiratory bronchioles

Gives lungs a large surface area and helps the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide very efficient

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17
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Large surface area and good blood supply = warm the air as it enters your body
Hairy lining = traps the dust and bacteria in mucus before you can reach the lungs
Moist surfaces = increases the humidity of the air and reduces of the evaporation of the water in the lungs

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18
Q

Lung surfactant

A

A phospholipid that covers the surface of the lungs, without it the watery linings of the alveoli would tension which will cause them to collapse

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19
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus and trap infect particles

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20
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Contracts and relaxes to control the diameter of the cell

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21
Q

Elastic fibres

A

Stretch to allow expansion during inhalation and recoil during exhalation

22
Q

Spirometry

A

To evaluate respiratory impairment
To aid diagnosis by identification of diseases
To access changes with time and treatment
Help access fitness for anaesthesia or surgery

23
Q

Larger Volumes

A

Males, Taller people, Non-smokers, Athletes, People living at higher altitudes

24
Q

Smaller Volumes

A

Females, Shorter people, Smokers, Non-athletes, People living at lower altitudes

25
Q

How to uses a spirometer

A

Subject is relaxed and has a breathing pattern
Sterile mouse piece and nose clip used
Subject continues to breathe normally
A spirogram is obtained - Tidal volume
Subject then performs maximum expiration and then performs a maximum inspiration before returning to a normal breathing pattern
This gives a ERV, IRV, VC

26
Q 
Tidal Volume (TV)
0.5dm3
A

Volume of air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath at rest
Provides body with enough O2 for its resting and removing enough CO2 to maintain a safe level

27
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)
5dm3 (MALE)
4.5dm3 (FEMALE)

A

Largest volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs in one breath
Regular exercise increases VC

28
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

3dm3

A

The amount of air that can be inhaled above the normal TV

Utilised when exercising or defecating

29
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

1.2dm3

A

The amount of air that can be exhaled above the normal TV

30
Q 
Residual Volume (RV)
1.5dm3
A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after forced exhalation

31
Q

Dead Volume (DV)

A

Volume of air in the bronchioles, bronchi and trachea which doesn’t take part in gas exchange

32
Q

Respiratory Minute Rate (RMR)

A

Air inhaled and exhaled in one min
Product of TV and breathing rate
Normal = 5-8dm3 Abnormal = up to 14dm3

33
Q

External Intercostal Muscles

A 
INSPIRATION = Contract and pull ribs upwards and outwards.
EXPIRATION = Relaxes ribs move down and inwards
34
Q

Internal Intercostal Muscles

A 
INSPIRATION = Relaxed
EXPIRATION = Contract
35
Q

Diaphragm

A 
INSPIRATION = Contracts, moves downwards from a domed position
EXPIRATION = Relaxes, elastically returns to a domed position
36
Q

Air pressure in lungs

A 
INSPIRATION = Decreases
EXPIRATION = Increases
37
Q

Air movement along pressure gradient

A 
INSPIRATION = Into the lungs
EXPIRATION = Out of lungs
38
Q

Thorax (chest cavity)

A 
INSPIRATION = Increases
EXPIRATION = Decreases
39
Q

Dissection of gill

A

Find the operculum (bony covering on the sides of a fish head).
Lift the operculum and observe the gills. Note its colour.
Cut away one operculum to view the gills. Note he gill slits or spaces between the gills.
Carefully cut out one gill. Note the bony support and the soft gill filaments that make up each gill.

40
Q

Buccal Cavity

A

The mouth of a fish

41
Q

Countercurrent flow

A

Where two fluids flow in opposite directions

42
Q

Filaments

A

Slender branches of tissue that makes up the gill. = Lamellae

43
Q

Lamellae

A

Folds of the filament to increase SA = Gill plates

44
Q

Operculum

A

A bony flap that covers and protects the gills

45
Q

Spiracle

A

An external opening or pore that allows air in or out of the trachea

46
Q

Tracheal fluid

A

The fluid found at the ends of the ends of the tracheoles in the tracheal system

47
Q

Tracheal system

A

A system of air filled tubes in insects

48
Q

Insects

A

Insects possess an air-filled tracheal system which supplies directly to all the respiring tissues.
Air enters the systems via a pore called spiracle.
The air is transported into the body via tracheae.
These divide into smaller tubes = tracheoles
The ends of the tracheoles open and filled with tracheal fluid.
Gas exchange occurs between the air in tracheoles and the tracheal fluid, some gas exchange can occur between the tin walls of the tracheoles

49
Q

Ventilation in Insects

A

In many insects, sections of the tracheal system expand and have flexible walls. These act as air sacs which can be squeezed by the action of the flight muscles. Repetitive expansion and contraction of these air sacs ventilate the tracheal system.
In some insects, movements of the wings alter the volume of the thorax. As the thorax volume decreases, air in the tracheal system is put under pressure and pushed out of the system. Inversely, when the thorax volume increases, air is pushed into the system, from outside.
Some animals have developed this even further. Locusts can alter the volume of their abdomen by specialised breathing movements. As the abdomen expands, spiracles at the front end of the body open and air enters the system. As the abdomen reduces in volume the spiracles at the rear end of the body open and air can leave the system.

50
Q

Ventilation in Bony Fish

A

The Buccal cavity can change volume. The floor of the mouth moves downward, allowing water to enter. Then the mouth closes and the floor of the mouth is raised again pushing water through the gills. As water is pushed from the buccal cavity, the operculum moves outwards. The movement reduces the pressure in the opercular cavity, helping water to flow through the gills.

Biology - Module 3 (3 decks)

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