Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CVS > 7 CVS > Flashcards

7 CVS Flashcards

1
Q

Which are the general bodily systems that could present with chest pain when problemed?

A
  1. Respiratory
  2. Cardiac
  3. Upper GIT
  4. Musculoskeletal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What respiratory conditions could cause chest pain?

A
  1. Pulmonary embolism - sharp chest pain, very localisable

2. Pneumonia - would have a temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which cardiac affections could ead to chest pain?

A
  1. Ischaemic: dull pain, retrosternal, feeling of pressure, not easily localisable, radiating pain, worse with exertion, position does not alter pain.
  2. Pericarditis: sharp pain, retrosternal, position affects pain, lying flat is worse.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which upper GIT comditions could present with chest pain?

A

Acid reflux: burning pain, central or running up the chest, lying flat worsens, worse after food,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which muculoskeletal conditions present with chest pain?

A
  • rib fracture
  • Costochondritis: costal cartilage inflammation, sharp pain, well localised, tender on palpation
  • worse with inspiration and coughing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is visceral pain and how does it present?

A

Visceral pain is pain reflecting injury to the parenchyma of the organ (lung or heart). It is a dull pain and poorly localised.
It worsens with exertion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is somatic pain and how does it present?

A

Somatic pain effects the serosa around the organ (pleural or pericardial sac).
It is sharp pain and often well localised.
It worsens with inspiration, coughing or positional movement.
Eg. Pericarditis, pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name a non-ischaemic cardiac cause of chest pain.

A

Pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does epricarditis present?

A

It is a somatic pain.
Sharp, retrosternal, well localised, Worse with inspiration, coughing or position.
Eased when sitting up and leaning forwards.
Auscultation: coarse, harsh sound.
ECG: ST segment elevation called saddle-shaped. NOT like MI.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What sort of particular sign is seen on ECG of patient with pericarditis?

A

Saddle-shaped ST elevation (NOT like MI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

IHD, ischeamic heart disease is the disease of …

A

coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why do people get ischaemic heart disease?

A

atherosclerosis.
Build up of fat on the inside of the arteries, including coronary arteries that are already narrow vessels.
Then covered by fibrous cap that can be quite friable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name 3 modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis and therefore IHD.

A
  • smoking
  • hypertension
  • hypercholesterolaemia
  • obesity
  • sedentary lifestyle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which risk factors for atherosclerosis and therefore IHD are non-modifiable?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • family history
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is stable angina? (5 facts)

A

Stable angina is when a coronary artery has a stable plaque narrowing its diameter. The only complaint is chest pain ON EXERTION.
It is only during exercise that the heart in not getting sufficient blood supply through the narrowed artery (ie. metabolic rate increased).
Pain is RELIEVED 100% with REST.
Not particularly unwell, not sweaty, not pale.
Pain can radiate.
Dull
Retrosternal
GTN relieves the pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which conditions are acute coronary syndromes? (4)

A
  1. Unstable angina
  2. Myocardial infarction
  3. NSTEMI
  4. STEMI
17
Q

Which heart condition is not an acute coronary syndrome ACS

A

Stable angina

18
Q

What are acute coronary syndromes?

A

They are ischaemias caused by atherosclerotic coronary artery disease.
Atheromatous plaques rupture with thrombus formation causing an ACUTE increased occlusion (in an already partially occluded lumen) leading to ischaemia.

19
Q

What differentiates stable angina from acute coronary syndromes?

A

Stable angina is not an acute condition. It is a vessel narrowing that is stable.

20
Q

What is the common pathophysiologic mechanism to all acute coronary syndromes?

A

Atherosclerotic plaque rupture, so platelet aggregation and formation of thrombus that can partially or completely occude coronary artery.

21
Q

What is the hierachy of myocardial ischaemia? (4 conditions in which order?)

A
  1. Stable angina
  2. Unstable angina
  3. NSTEMI
  4. STEMI
22
Q

What is unstable angina and how does it present?

A

Unstable angina is an acute coronary syndrome where an artherosclerotic plaque has ruptured, thrombus has formed, causing narrowing and ischaemia at REST but is not occlusive and so there is no infarction (ie. death)

  • clinical examination normal
  • chest pain at rest
  • may appear pale, anxious, pale
23
Q

Why do patients with an acute coronary syndrome appear sweaty, pale, nauseous?

A

Because of autonomic nervous system.

24
Q

In which acute coronary syndromes is there cardiac tissue death, ie. necrosis?

A

NSTEMI

STEMI

25
Q

What does troponin in the blood indicate?

A

Troponin indicates myocyte death. Indeed, troponin is normally contained inside the cells, and only if a cell is dead (infarct) should there be troponin found in the blood.

26
Q

What are the ECG changes in a STEMI?

A
  • ST elevation

- hyperacute T waves in minute to hours following the event

27
Q

On which leads would we see ST elevation in an inferior STEMI?

A

leads II, III, aVF

28
Q

What ECG changes are seen in Unstable angina and NSTEMI?

A
  1. ST depression

2. T wave flattening or inversion

29
Q

Do unstable angina and NSTEMI look the same on an ECG?

A

Yes

30
Q

What test do we need to tell unstable angina and NSTEMI apart?

A

Troponin (bloods)

As in NSTEMI there will be elevated troponins because of cell death, ie. infarction.

31
Q

What is the name of the clinical syndrome of cardiac pain broight on by exertion and relieved by rest?

A

stable angina

NOT an acute coronary syndrome

32
Q

In stable angina, chest pain comes with exertion, what are the 2 reasons for this?

A
  1. Cardiac activity is increased and the narrowed coronary (atherosclerosis) is not providing sufficient blood to the muscle
  2. On exertion, there is tachycardia, and so diastole is shorter. Yet it is in diastole that coronary arteries fill, so there is also less perfusion of the coronaries.
33
Q

Beta-blockers are sometimes prescribed for stable angina. Why might they help?

A

Beta-blockers will decrease heart rate, so lengthen diastole, thus lengthening coronary perfusion time and so that of the cardiac muscle too.

34
Q

is unstable angina relieved by GTN.

A

No

35
Q

What are most common causes for pericarditis?

A
  1. 90% idiopathic (ie. dont know)
  2. Viral (pneumonia, bronchitis, meningitis, …)
  3. Rare: TB and other bacterial infections

CVS (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions