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PHA6123 LAB Pharmacy Informatics > 7 Cross Sectional Studies > Flashcards

7 Cross Sectional Studies Flashcards

1
Q

cross-sectional studies are also called ____________________

A

prevalence surveys

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2
Q

CSS can be thought of as a _______________________ because data are collected and evaluated at a single point in time

A

snapshot (slice) of time

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3
Q

CSS is more of a hypothesis ___________ rather than hypothesis ________________

A

generating; testing

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4
Q

CSS is not suited for testing the effectiveness of ____________________

A

interventions

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5
Q

T/F: CSS are most often used descriptively

A

T

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6
Q

most often used descriptively to __________________________ about a population (eg. disease prevalence) but may also be used to ______________________ between an independent (exposure) and a dependent (outcome) variable

A

capture information; examine associations

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7
Q

T/F: CSS establishes causality or relationship between independent (exposure) and dependent (outcome) variable

A

F (does not establish as CSS is used descriptively, thus only EXAMINES ASSOCIATION)

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8
Q

T/F: CSS is quick and easy to perform

A

T

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9
Q

CSS is useful for ________________ current health status or _______________ priorities for disease control

A

measuring; setting

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10
Q

CSS study design

A
  1. questionnaire
  2. surveys
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11
Q

answering a census or through mail or telephone calls are considered what type of study design?

A

questionnaire

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12
Q

standardized questionnaire used to describe a population at a given point in time

A

surveys

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13
Q

surveys are generally used to _________________ a population

A

characterize

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14
Q

steps involved in study design

A
  1. identify [target pop]
  2. select [indiv from pop]
  3. collect [data]
  4. analyze [data]
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15
Q

population with desired clinical and demographic characteristics that will ultimately benefit from generalization of the study findings

A

target population (identifying target pop)

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16
Q

extent to which observations in the study population extrapolates to the overall population of interest

A

generalizability

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17
Q

selecting a subset of the target population to conduct a study

A

sampling

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18
Q

types of sampling

A
  1. random sampling
  2. stratified random sampling using characteristics (e.g., age or gender)
  3. convenience sampling
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19
Q

most common type of sampling

A

convenience sampling

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20
Q

CSS data collection may either be _______________ or __________________

A

retrospective or prospective

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21
Q

sample of retrospective data collection

A

prescription records

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22
Q

sample of prospective data collection

A

survey

23
Q

T/F: analysis step of CSS study design is not purely descriptive

A

F (purely descriptive)

24
Q

step of study design involved in summarizing the characteristics of the population using means and percentages

A

analysis

25
Q

how are characteristics summarized during analysis

A

using means and percentages

26
Q

have potential biases that should be considered and interpreted cautiously

A

analytical cross-sectional studies

27
Q

CSS limitations

A
  1. bias on sampling and temporality
  2. may not give generalizations
28
Q

CSS concerns/problems

A
  1. errors in data collection
  2. transient effects
29
Q

responses that are affected by event, feeling or other circumstance that happened prior to data collection

A

transient effect

30
Q

reports without control grps

A
  1. case studies
  2. case reports
  3. case series
31
Q

reports w/o ctrl grps can be ________________ or _________________ reports

A

observational or interventional

32
Q

key characteristic of case studies, case reports, and case series

A

lack of control or comparison group

33
Q

record of descriptive research that documents a practitioner’s experiences, thoughts, or observations related to the care of a single patient

A

case study

34
Q

case study focuses on the _____________

A

practitioner

35
Q

descriptive record of a single individual (case report) in which the possibility of an association between an observed effect and a specific intervention or exposure (often an unexpected complication of treatment or procedure) based on detailed clinical evaluation and history of the individual

A

case report

36
Q

group of records (case studies) that documents a practitioner’s experiences, thoughts, or observations related to the care of multiple patients with similar medical situations

A

case series

37
Q

types of case reports

A
  1. disease identification
  2. ADR-reporting
  3. new treatment approach
  4. educational
  5. quality assurance
38
Q

previously unknown or variant of known condition

A

disease identification

39
Q

reader must avoid generalization of rare condition

A

disease identification

40
Q

most common source of information for drug removal

A

ADR reporting

41
Q

excellent in identifying rare and serious ADRs

A

ADR reporting

42
Q

utility in identifying ADRs in special populations

A

ADR reporting

43
Q

used to generate hypothesis for further testing with a more resource-intensive design

A

new treatment approach

44
Q

may lead to unsubstantiated use of medications for unapproved indications

A

new treatment approach

45
Q

present a scenario to help clinicians improve practice skills

A

educational

46
Q

practice errors can illustrate problems to avoid by other practitioners

A

quality assurance

47
Q

strengths of case reports

A
  1. identifies: rare occurrences and delayed ADRs
  2. hypothesis generation
  3. requires minimal resources
48
Q

weaknesses of case reports

A
  1. no causal inference, statistical analysis
  2. potential for reporting bias and false results
49
Q

strengths of case series

A
  1. results are closer to those of routine clinical practice
  2. may be useful when a randomized controlled trial is challenging to conduct
  3. high external validity
  4. cost-effective and time saving design
50
Q

weaknesses of case series

A
  1. no causal inference
  2. susceptible to selection and measurement bias
  3. absolute risk cannot be calculated
  4. data collection may be incomplete
51
Q

reports w/o control grps are useful for early recognition of ___________________ and ______________

A

drug toxicities and teratogenicity

52
Q

an important initial step in the formulation of hypotheses

A

reports w/o control groups

53
Q

T/F: when possible, results should be confirmed with randomized controlled clinical trials

A

T

PHA6123 LAB Pharmacy Informatics (6 decks)

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