7 - Blood Groups, Blood Typing and Cross-Mathing, and Transfusion Flashcards
7.3 What is a blood type?
A classification of blood ased on the presence (+) or absence of inherited (-) antigenic substances on the surface of the RBCs.
- The antigens can be proteins, carbs, glycoproteins, or glycolipids depending on the blood group system.
7.3 What are the two most important blood group systems in transfusion medicine?
ABO and Rhesus (Rh)
7.4 The ABO system is not protein based, but is instead __________
Sugar based
7.4 Individuals with RBC Type A have what antibodies present?
Anti-B antibodies
7.4 Individuals with RBC Type B have what antibodies present?
Anti-A antibodies
7.4 Individuals with RBC Type AB have what antibodies present?
No antibodies present
7.4 Individuals with RBC Type O have what antibodies present?
Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
7.4 Individuals with RBC Type A have what antigens present?
A antigen
7.4 Individuals with RBC Type B have what antigens present?
B antigen
7.4 Individuals with RBC Type AB have what antigens present?
A and B antigens
7.4 Individuals with RBC Type O have what antigens present?
No antigens present
7.5 Which blood type is the most common in the US with 37.4% of the population?
O+
7.5 Which blood type is the the second most common in the US with 35.7% of the population?
A+
7.5 Which blood type is the least common in the US with only 0.6% of the population?
AB-
7.6 What occurs when a recipient’s antibodies react with donated red blood cells?
Blood agglutinates - blood cell clumps up, increasing viscosity and forming possible clots
7.7 There are ~50 Rhesus antigens, but only 5 are common - which ones?
D, C, c, E, and e.
7.7 What does the term Rh positive mean?
An individual does have the Rhesus (D) antigen
7.7 What does the term Rh negative mean?
An individual does not have the Rhesus (D) antigen.
7.6 What occurs when a recipient’s antibodies react with donated red blood cells?
Blood agglutinates - blood cell clumps up, increasing viscosity and forming possible clots
7.7 There are ~50 Rhesus antigens, but only 5 are common - which ones?
D, C, c, E, and e.
7.7 What does the term Rh positive mean?
An individual does have the Rhesus (D) antigen
7.7 What does the term Rh negative mean?
An individual does not have the Rhesus (D) antigen.
7.8 What blood type is considered the universal donor (i.e. their blood can be accepted by everyone)?
O-
7.8 You are AB- - what blood types can you receive?
You can receive: O-, A-, B-, and AB-
7.8 You are O+ - what blood types can you receive from a donor?
You can receive: O- and O+
7.8 You are A+ - what blood types can you receive from a donor?
You can receive: O-, O+, A-, and A+
7.8 You are B- - what blood types can you receive from a donor?
You can receive: O- and B-
7.8 You are AB+ - what blood types can you receive?
You can receive: O+, O-, A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, and AB-
7.8. You are B+ - what blood types can you receive?
You can receive: O-, O+, B-, and B+
7.8 You are A- - what blood types can you receive?
You can receive: O- and A-
7.8 You are O- - what blood types can you receive?
You can receive: O-
7.9 What is Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)?
When an Rh- woman delivers her first Rh+ baby, she will develop antibodies to Rh+ blood.
When the Rh- woman has a second Rh+ baby, now the anti-Rh antibodies can pass through the placenta and agglutinate the fetal RBC’s.
The agglutinated RBC’s hemolyze and the baby is born with a severe anemia called hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).
7.9 Is HDN easier to prevent or to treat?
HDN is easier to prevent.
When an Rh- gives birth to (or miscarries) an Rh+ child, she can be given an Rh immune globulin that will bind fetal Rh+ RBC. This prevents those Rh+ RBC’s from stimulating the mother’s immune system which would lead to the production of anti-Rh antibodies.
7.9 What are two examples of medicines that can be given to a mother to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn?
RhoGAM and Gamulin
7.11 Besides ABO and Rh, what are three other blood group systems that are sometimes used?
Kell (K+ or K-)
Duffy (Fy(a+b-), Fy(a-b_), Fy(a+b+), Fy(a-b-))
Lewis (Lewis(a+b-), Lewis(a-b+), Lewis(a+b+), Lewis(a-b-)).
7.13 What are the various types of potential blood transfusion reacts that can occur?
- Hemolytic
- Non-hemolytic
- Allegic
- Due to volume overload
- Transfer of bacteria
7.13 What is a hemolytic transfusion reaction?
Severe or fatal intravascular hemolysis (concurrent with kidney failure) that is due to an antigen-antibody reaction as a result of an incompatible transfusion
7.13 What causes a non-hemolytic transfusion reaction?
Due to damaged blood products that release high levels of cytokines, leading to fever and chills; usually benign
7.13 What is the result of an allergic transfusion reaction?
Leads to rashes and itching; usually benign
7.14 What is one result of a transfusion associated volume overload?
Could cause pulmonary edema; outcome depends on other conditions
7.14 What can the transfer of bacteria due to transfusion result in?
Can lead to endotoxemia (as a result of free bacterial toxins) and sepsis; potentially fatal
7.15 What tests are used in transfusion medicine to ensure that blood transfused is compatible and will not cause a transfusion reaction?
- Blood grouping - ABO and Rh
- Antibody screen
- Cross-Match
