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Hematology Exam 3 > 7 - Blood Groups, Blood Typing and Cross-Mathing, and Transfusion > Flashcards

7 - Blood Groups, Blood Typing and Cross-Mathing, and Transfusion Flashcards

1
Q

7.3 What is a blood type?

A

A classification of blood ased on the presence (+) or absence of inherited (-) antigenic substances on the surface of the RBCs.
- The antigens can be proteins, carbs, glycoproteins, or glycolipids depending on the blood group system.

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2
Q

7.3 What are the two most important blood group systems in transfusion medicine?

A

ABO and Rhesus (Rh)

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3
Q

7.4 The ABO system is not protein based, but is instead __________

A

Sugar based

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4
Q

7.4 Individuals with RBC Type A have what antibodies present?

A

Anti-B antibodies

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5
Q

7.4 Individuals with RBC Type B have what antibodies present?

A

Anti-A antibodies

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6
Q

7.4 Individuals with RBC Type AB have what antibodies present?

A

No antibodies present

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7
Q

7.4 Individuals with RBC Type O have what antibodies present?

A

Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

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8
Q

7.4 Individuals with RBC Type A have what antigens present?

A

A antigen

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9
Q

7.4 Individuals with RBC Type B have what antigens present?

A

B antigen

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10
Q

7.4 Individuals with RBC Type AB have what antigens present?

A

A and B antigens

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11
Q

7.4 Individuals with RBC Type O have what antigens present?

A

No antigens present

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12
Q

7.5 Which blood type is the most common in the US with 37.4% of the population?

A

O+

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13
Q

7.5 Which blood type is the the second most common in the US with 35.7% of the population?

A

A+

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14
Q

7.5 Which blood type is the least common in the US with only 0.6% of the population?

A

AB-

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15
Q

7.6 What occurs when a recipient’s antibodies react with donated red blood cells?

A

Blood agglutinates - blood cell clumps up, increasing viscosity and forming possible clots

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16
Q

7.7 There are ~50 Rhesus antigens, but only 5 are common - which ones?

A

D, C, c, E, and e.

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17
Q

7.7 What does the term Rh positive mean?

A

An individual does have the Rhesus (D) antigen

18
Q

7.7 What does the term Rh negative mean?

A

An individual does not have the Rhesus (D) antigen.

19
Q

7.6 What occurs when a recipient’s antibodies react with donated red blood cells?

A

Blood agglutinates - blood cell clumps up, increasing viscosity and forming possible clots

20
Q

7.7 There are ~50 Rhesus antigens, but only 5 are common - which ones?

A

D, C, c, E, and e.

21
Q

7.7 What does the term Rh positive mean?

A

An individual does have the Rhesus (D) antigen

22
Q

7.7 What does the term Rh negative mean?

A

An individual does not have the Rhesus (D) antigen.

23
Q

7.8 What blood type is considered the universal donor (i.e. their blood can be accepted by everyone)?

A

O-

24
Q

7.8 You are AB- - what blood types can you receive?

A

You can receive: O-, A-, B-, and AB-

25
Q

7.8 You are O+ - what blood types can you receive from a donor?

A

You can receive: O- and O+

26
Q

7.8 You are A+ - what blood types can you receive from a donor?

A

You can receive: O-, O+, A-, and A+

27
Q

7.8 You are B- - what blood types can you receive from a donor?

A

You can receive: O- and B-

28
Q

7.8 You are AB+ - what blood types can you receive?

A

You can receive: O+, O-, A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, and AB-

29
Q

7.8. You are B+ - what blood types can you receive?

A

You can receive: O-, O+, B-, and B+

30
Q

7.8 You are A- - what blood types can you receive?

A

You can receive: O- and A-

31
Q

7.8 You are O- - what blood types can you receive?

A

You can receive: O-

32
Q

7.9 What is Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)?

A

When an Rh- woman delivers her first Rh+ baby, she will develop antibodies to Rh+ blood.

When the Rh- woman has a second Rh+ baby, now the anti-Rh antibodies can pass through the placenta and agglutinate the fetal RBC’s.

The agglutinated RBC’s hemolyze and the baby is born with a severe anemia called hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).

33
Q

7.9 Is HDN easier to prevent or to treat?

A

HDN is easier to prevent.

When an Rh- gives birth to (or miscarries) an Rh+ child, she can be given an Rh immune globulin that will bind fetal Rh+ RBC. This prevents those Rh+ RBC’s from stimulating the mother’s immune system which would lead to the production of anti-Rh antibodies.

34
Q

7.9 What are two examples of medicines that can be given to a mother to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

RhoGAM and Gamulin

35
Q

7.11 Besides ABO and Rh, what are three other blood group systems that are sometimes used?

A

Kell (K+ or K-)

Duffy (Fy(a+b-), Fy(a-b_), Fy(a+b+), Fy(a-b-))

Lewis (Lewis(a+b-), Lewis(a-b+), Lewis(a+b+), Lewis(a-b-)).

36
Q

7.13 What are the various types of potential blood transfusion reacts that can occur?

A
  1. Hemolytic
  2. Non-hemolytic
  3. Allegic
  4. Due to volume overload
  5. Transfer of bacteria
37
Q

7.13 What is a hemolytic transfusion reaction?

A

Severe or fatal intravascular hemolysis (concurrent with kidney failure) that is due to an antigen-antibody reaction as a result of an incompatible transfusion

38
Q

7.13 What causes a non-hemolytic transfusion reaction?

A

Due to damaged blood products that release high levels of cytokines, leading to fever and chills; usually benign

39
Q

7.13 What is the result of an allergic transfusion reaction?

A

Leads to rashes and itching; usually benign

40
Q

7.14 What is one result of a transfusion associated volume overload?

A

Could cause pulmonary edema; outcome depends on other conditions

41
Q

7.14 What can the transfer of bacteria due to transfusion result in?

A

Can lead to endotoxemia (as a result of free bacterial toxins) and sepsis; potentially fatal

42
Q

7.15 What tests are used in transfusion medicine to ensure that blood transfused is compatible and will not cause a transfusion reaction?

A
  1. Blood grouping - ABO and Rh
  2. Antibody screen
  3. Cross-Match

Hematology Exam 3 (2 decks)

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