7. Basic Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood serum?

A

Blood plasma without clotting factors

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2
Q

Where is blood albumin produced?

What two functions does blood albumin perform?

A

The liver

It is the major source of colloid osmotic pressure, and serves as a carrier protien.

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3
Q

What are Reticulocytes?

What are their characteristics?

A

Immature blood cells

Still have organelles and nuclear material

(They mature in 24 to 48 hours)

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4
Q

What is Glycophorin C?

A

An erythrocyte integral membrane protien that attaches the erythrocyte’s cytoskeleton to its cell membrane.

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5
Q

What does Band 3 protein do?

A

Binds hemoglobin and helps anchor cytoskeletal protiens along with Glycophorin C.

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6
Q

What protien holds the sugar that gives blood types?

A

Glycophorin C

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7
Q

What is the most abundant erythrocyte cytoskeletal protien?

A

Band 3 Protien

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8
Q

What is the erythrocyte’s lattice composed of?

A

alpha-spectrin and beta-spectrin

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9
Q

What two complexes anchor spectrin filaments in an erythrocyte, and what protiens do they associate with?

A

Band 4.1 protien complex anchors spectrin filaments and interacts with Glycophorin C

Ankyrin protien complex (Ankyrin + Band 4.2) anchors spectrin filaments, and interacts with Band 3.

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10
Q

Dietary deficiency of what three nutrients can interfere with RBC production?

A

Iron, B12, Folate

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11
Q

For Hereditary Spherocytosis:

What is the inheritance pattern?

What proteins are affected?

What is the result?

A

Autosomal Dominant

Ankryn Complex (Band 3, 4.2, spectrin and others)

Defective anchoring causes membrane to detach and form a sphere.

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12
Q

For Hereditary Elliptocytosis:

What is the inheritance pattern?

What proteins are affected?

What is the result?

A

Autosomal Dominant

Spectrin-Spectrin bonds are defective; along with spectrin-ankryn-band 4.1 protien junctions.

Membrane doesn’t rebound and progressively squshes. You get long elliptical erythrocytes.

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13
Q

Which hemoglobin is affected in Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

Hemoglobin A

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14
Q

How quickly do “sickled” RBC’s breakdown?

A

After about 20 days.

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15
Q

Why might obstruction occur in sickle cell anemia?

A

The sickle cells pile up in small capillaries.

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16
Q

Which of the white blood cell types are Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Granulocytes give me all the feels

17
Q

What is the order for the amounts of each WBC type?

A

Neutrophils, Leukocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

18
Q

What are the three granules in a Neutrophil, and their function?

A
  1. Azurophilic Granules (primary granules)

Lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase (MPO)

  1. Specific Granules (secondary granules):

Various enzymes, compliment activators, and antimicrobial peptides

  1. Tertiary Granules

Phosphatases and Metalloproteinases (metalloproteinases facilitate migration through connective tissues)

19
Q

What is the visual identifier for a Neutrophil?

A

Polymorphonucleation (Multi lobed nucleus)

No / light granules in the cytosol

20
Q

What is the function of Eosinophils?

A

Release of arylsulfatase and histaminase

Phagocytosis of Antigen-Antibody complexes

Fight parasites (such as helminths)

21
Q

What white blood cell may be elevated in the case of chronic allergies, and what is this state called?

A

Eosinophils / Eosinophillia

22
Q

How might one identify an Eosinophil visually?

A

Very granular, with a bi-lobar nucleus and pink / red granules.

23
Q

What is the function of a Basophil?

A

Binds Antigen-IgE antibody complex

Functionally related to Mast Cells

Releases vasoactive agents

Plays a role in allergic hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis

24
Q

How might one visually recognize a Basophil?

A

It looks like 100% granules. Sometimes you can see the bilobar nucleus, but it’s mostly covered in granules.

25
What are the three types of **Lymphocytes** and their characteristics?
**T Lymphocytes:** Undergo differentiation in the thymus, have a long life span, are associated with cell mediated immunity. **B Lymphocytes:** Differentiate in the bone marrow, transform into plasma cells and make antibodies. **Natural Killer Cells:** Programmed to kill virus infected or tumor cells.
26
How might one visually identify a lymphocyte?
Large, single, central nucleus.
27
What is the function of Monocytes?
Contain Azurophilic granules; like neutrophils **Differentiate into phagocytes** in the tissues - including Osteoclasts, Kupffer cells of the liver, and the macrophages of connective tissue, lymph, spleen and bone marrow.
28
How might one visually identify a monocyte?
Kidney-shaped indented nucleus, no granules.
29
What causes a monocyte to undergo diapedesis?
Inflammation
30
What are thrombocytes derived from? What is their life span?
**Megakaryocytes**: they are bits of cytoplasm from that cell. They have a life span of **10 days**.
31
What are the functions of thrombocytes to control bleeding?
Release of **serotonin** (a vasoconstrictor) Release of **ADP** and **Thromboxane A2**: Function to increase platelet aggregaton and helps to form the **primary hemostatic plug** Provide a surface for conversion of **fibrinogen to fibrin**. (This forms the secondary hemostatic plug)
32
What is the normal RBC percentage for a male? What about for a female?
39-50% for Males 35-45% for Females (This will probably be provided on a test, but it may be worth knowing)
33
What are alpha and beta globulins? What is their function?
They are **non-immune globulins** They help **maintain the osmotic pressure** within the vascular system (along with albumin) and serve as **carrier protiens**.