7. Basic Blood Flashcards
What is blood serum?
Blood plasma without clotting factors
Where is blood albumin produced?
What two functions does blood albumin perform?
The liver
It is the major source of colloid osmotic pressure, and serves as a carrier protien.
What are Reticulocytes?
What are their characteristics?
Immature blood cells
Still have organelles and nuclear material
(They mature in 24 to 48 hours)
What is Glycophorin C?
An erythrocyte integral membrane protien that attaches the erythrocyte’s cytoskeleton to its cell membrane.
What does Band 3 protein do?
Binds hemoglobin and helps anchor cytoskeletal protiens along with Glycophorin C.
What protien holds the sugar that gives blood types?
Glycophorin C
What is the most abundant erythrocyte cytoskeletal protien?
Band 3 Protien
What is the erythrocyte’s lattice composed of?
alpha-spectrin and beta-spectrin
What two complexes anchor spectrin filaments in an erythrocyte, and what protiens do they associate with?
Band 4.1 protien complex anchors spectrin filaments and interacts with Glycophorin C
Ankyrin protien complex (Ankyrin + Band 4.2) anchors spectrin filaments, and interacts with Band 3.
Dietary deficiency of what three nutrients can interfere with RBC production?
Iron, B12, Folate
For Hereditary Spherocytosis:
What is the inheritance pattern?
What proteins are affected?
What is the result?
Autosomal Dominant
Ankryn Complex (Band 3, 4.2, spectrin and others)
Defective anchoring causes membrane to detach and form a sphere.
For Hereditary Elliptocytosis:
What is the inheritance pattern?
What proteins are affected?
What is the result?
Autosomal Dominant
Spectrin-Spectrin bonds are defective; along with spectrin-ankryn-band 4.1 protien junctions.
Membrane doesn’t rebound and progressively squshes. You get long elliptical erythrocytes.
Which hemoglobin is affected in Sickle Cell Anemia?
Hemoglobin A
How quickly do “sickled” RBC’s breakdown?
After about 20 days.
Why might obstruction occur in sickle cell anemia?
The sickle cells pile up in small capillaries.
Which of the white blood cell types are Granulocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Granulocytes give me all the feels
What is the order for the amounts of each WBC type?
Neutrophils, Leukocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
What are the three granules in a Neutrophil, and their function?
- Azurophilic Granules (primary granules)
Lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase (MPO)
- Specific Granules (secondary granules):
Various enzymes, compliment activators, and antimicrobial peptides
- Tertiary Granules
Phosphatases and Metalloproteinases (metalloproteinases facilitate migration through connective tissues)
What is the visual identifier for a Neutrophil?
Polymorphonucleation (Multi lobed nucleus)
No / light granules in the cytosol
What is the function of Eosinophils?
Release of arylsulfatase and histaminase
Phagocytosis of Antigen-Antibody complexes
Fight parasites (such as helminths)
What white blood cell may be elevated in the case of chronic allergies, and what is this state called?
Eosinophils / Eosinophillia
How might one identify an Eosinophil visually?
Very granular, with a bi-lobar nucleus and pink / red granules.
What is the function of a Basophil?
Binds Antigen-IgE antibody complex
Functionally related to Mast Cells
Releases vasoactive agents
Plays a role in allergic hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis
How might one visually recognize a Basophil?
It looks like 100% granules. Sometimes you can see the bilobar nucleus, but it’s mostly covered in granules.
What are the three types of Lymphocytes and their characteristics?
T Lymphocytes: Undergo differentiation in the thymus, have a long life span, are associated with cell mediated immunity.
B Lymphocytes: Differentiate in the bone marrow, transform into plasma cells and make antibodies.
Natural Killer Cells: Programmed to kill virus infected or tumor cells.
How might one visually identify a lymphocyte?
Large, single, central nucleus.
What is the function of Monocytes?
Contain Azurophilic granules; like neutrophils
Differentiate into phagocytes in the tissues - including Osteoclasts, Kupffer cells of the liver, and the macrophages of connective tissue, lymph, spleen and bone marrow.
How might one visually identify a monocyte?
Kidney-shaped indented nucleus, no granules.
What causes a monocyte to undergo diapedesis?
Inflammation
What are thrombocytes derived from?
What is their life span?
Megakaryocytes: they are bits of cytoplasm from that cell.
They have a life span of 10 days.
What are the functions of thrombocytes to control bleeding?
Release of serotonin (a vasoconstrictor)
Release of ADP and Thromboxane A2: Function to increase platelet aggregaton and helps to form the primary hemostatic plug
Provide a surface for conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. (This forms the secondary hemostatic plug)
What is the normal RBC percentage for a male?
What about for a female?
39-50% for Males
35-45% for Females
(This will probably be provided on a test, but it may be worth knowing)
What are alpha and beta globulins?
What is their function?
They are non-immune globulins
They help maintain the osmotic pressure within the vascular system (along with albumin) and serve as carrier protiens.
