7 - B/T Lymphocyte Receptors and Diversity - Partridge Flashcards

1
Q

Draw a diagram of the B cell receptor, highlighting the main structure and additional proteins that are associated

A

311 - 7

word

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2
Q

How many aa are present at the C terminal end of the BCR and how many residues are exposed on the cytoplasmic side?

A

approx 26 residues at the C terminus. these span the membrane as well as 3 aa being exposed in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What are the main Ig classes that are found on the surface of B cells and can these be expressed together?

A

IgM and IgD are the main classes on B cells. although most Ig type can be expressed on surface and act as a B cell receptor

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4
Q

How does the B cell receptor generate a signal?

A

the cytoplasmic domains (because theyre so short) are not enough to generate a signal. need to associate e/ Iga and IgB. their cytoplasmic domains are longer and have an ITAM section (immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif) allowing a signal to be generated once the BCR binds to antigen

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5
Q

Briefly describe T lymphocyte receptor and what subsets of T cells they exist on

A

only expressed on cell surfaces and cannot exist as soluble proteins. same TCR structure exists on both T cytotoxic cells (CD8+ve) and T helper cells (CD4+ve)

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6
Q

Generally outline the functions of CD8/4+VE T cells

A

CD8+ve;
specifically kills infected host cells
CD4+ve;
augment immune responses

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7
Q

Describe the TCR extracellular domains in relation to immunoglobulins

A

V and C region of the TCR are homologous to the V and C region of immunoglobulin domains. each V region contains 3 HVRs

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8
Q

There is an alternative subset of T cells that express a different receptor. what is this receptor made up of? does this receptor show the same diversity as the aB receptor?
- where does this alternative subset exist?

A

gamma theta V and C domains. (1-5%)
less diverse compared to aB
- found in mucosal surfaces

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9
Q

What type of infections do B cells provide immunity against?

A

extracellular pathogen

eg fungi, parasites, extracellular bacterial

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10
Q

What does it mean when stated that B cells bind free and native antigen

A

free - free bacterium/soluble protein/carbohydrate

native - has not been processed/modified in anyway

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11
Q

What type of infections do T cells provide immunity against?

A

defence against intracellular pathogens.

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12
Q

How do T cells recognise intracellular antigens?

A

infected cells have the pathogenic protein within them. broken down -> peptide. processed, associates w/ MHC and taken to surface where recognised by specific T cell.
overall; T cells recognise cell associated, processed antigens

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13
Q

What region of the V regions of the a B subunits are the most variable?

A

CDR3 region has been shown to be the most variable

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14
Q

What do the CDR1/2/3 regions of the TCR bind to?

A

CDR3 -> foreign peptide. CDR1/2 -> self-MHC

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15
Q

Draw the full complex of the TCR, including any bonds, associations with other proteins

A

311 - 7 word

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16
Q

What do the additional subunits associated with the TCR allow it do?

A

allows the TCR to be expressed at the cell surface and signal efficiently

17
Q

What do the CD3 subunits contain that allow it to signal?

A

ITAM motifs in cytoplasmic regions

18
Q

Approximately, how many combinations of each antibody receptor and T cell receptor are there?

A
Antibody = 10^14
TCR = 10^18
19
Q

What are the main determinants of STRUCTURAL diversity in Abs?

A

the length and sequence of the CDRs of which CDR3 is the most variable (in both length and sequence)

20
Q

In Abs, which chain the H/L chain is said to be more variable and why?

A

Heavy chain > variable. this chain contributes > to antigen binding

21
Q

What were the initial hypotheses that tried to explain the occurrence of this huge amount of diversity in Abs?

A

multiple genes
somatic mutations
somatic recombination

22
Q

Why was it initially thought of as strange to have so much diversity?

A

the human genome only codes for 25,000 genes therefore how can it produce this much diversity

23
Q

How does this much diversity actually occur?

A

mutation and recombination of inherited gene segments which make up the V region

24
Q

What were the 2 hypotheses proposed by Dreyer and Bennett (1965) and Tonnegawa (1976)?

A

D&B;
immunoglobulins encoded for by separate C region and multiple V region genes
Tonnegawa;
Ig genes are rearranged during B cell development

25
Q

How were the Dreyer and Bennett and Tonnegawa hypothesis proved?

A

2 cells tested. Mouse embryo cell and and mouse myeloma cell.

  • DNA was extracted from both, restriction digests and separated by gel electrophoresis
  • radioactive probes complementary to V and C regions were added and hybridised at location in the gel where the V/C regions were
  • see diagram on word 311 - 7
  • the embryo pattern was seen in ALL cells apart from the B cell lineages (which were differentiated cells producing specific Ab)
26
Q

What are the 3 sets of immunoglobulin genes and on which chromosomes are they found?

A

H chain; chromosome 14
K chain; chromosome 2
lambda; chromosome 22

27
Q

Describe each locus in terms of how many genes the V and C regions have and how many they are encoded by

A

each locus has MULTIPLE V region genes and one or a few C region genes.
the V region is encoded by at least 2 exons.

28
Q

Draw diagrams showing both the DNA and protein sequences of L and H chain configurations and the exons that encode them

A

311 - 7 word

29
Q

Which chain (C/V and H/L) of which Ab class is expressed first on differentiating B cells?

A

the Cu (IgM heavy chain) is always expressed first on B cells. because it is found closest to DNA that makes up the V region?

30
Q

When does the structural rearrangement of the light and heavy chain genes occur during the lifetime of a B cell?

A

during B cell differentiation creating permanent changes in the DNA

31
Q

What is the name of the process that removes certain segments of DNA in order to join others together? Briefly describe this process

A

somatic recombination. certain DNA fragments are excised from the DNA and certain fragments (eg V/J fragments are spliced together)

32
Q

Draw a diagram to highlight the rearrangement of the light chain kappa

A

311 - 7. word

33
Q

What does the enhancer region allow to happen?

A

V region promoter now closer to the enhancer region allows for their transcription

34
Q

Draw a diagram indicating the light chain locus lambda

A

word

35
Q

Draw a diagram highlighting the recombination that occurs in the heavy chain

A

word

36
Q

state which segments encode the CDR1/2 regions and the CDR3 regions

A

CDR1/2; encoded for V segments w/n germline

CDR3; encoded for by VDJ/VJ segements. hence why we see > variability in this section

37
Q

Which of these light/heavy chain process rearrangements occur first?

A

heavy chain rearrangement occurs first over either light chain type.
IgM Cu region is expressed first