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2.1 HAB > 7 addiction > Flashcards

7 addiction Flashcards

1
Q

How does the DSM-5 define addiction?

A

the DSM dinstinguishes between substance use disorders and behavioural addictions

SUDs
- impaired control
- social impairment (obligations, interpersonal problems don’t stop use, give up activities)
- risky use
pharmacological criteria

-> individual continues using substance despite significant substance-related problems

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2
Q

What are the differences between Substance Use, Misuse and Use Disorders?

A

A psychoactive compound with the potential to cause health and social problems

  • normal use of a substance
  • use of a substance in a manner and frequency that is harmful to the individual and their environment
  • DSM-5 for addiction
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3
Q

What is the difference between remission and relapse?

A

Addiction symptoms are eliminated or diminished below a harmful level
<-> the return to a substance after period of abstinence

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4
Q

What is addiction according to the american society of addiction medicine?

A

addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry.

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5
Q

What is addiction according to West&Brown, 2013

A

Addiction involves repeated powerful motivation to engage in a purposeful behaviour that has no survival value, aquired as a result of engaging in that behaviour with significant potential for unintended harm

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6
Q

What is the difference between psychological and physiological dependence?

A
  • beliefs that u need substance to function
  • emotional craving
  • thinking about substance
  • tolerance
  • withdrawal

symptoms vary
anxiety, nausea, hallucinations, craving, …

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7
Q

What does the data suggest about smoking?

A
  • Smoking behaviour is on the decline, but this decrease is greater in men than in women.
  • Smokers tend to be in the unskilled manual group.
  • Smokers tend to earn less than non-smokers.
  • There has been a dramatic reduction in the number of smokers using middle-tar cigarettes.
  • Two-thirds of smokers report wanting to give up smoking.
  • The majority of smokers (58 per cent) say that it would be fairly/very difficult to go without smoking for a whole day.
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8
Q

What does the data suggest about drinking alcohol?

A
  • The large majority of the adult population has drunk alcohol in the past year.
  • Men are more likely to drink alcohol than women.
  • Men are more likely to have drunk on five or more days in the past week than women.
  • Men aged 16- 24 drink the most.
  • There are no sex differences in the 24-35 age range.
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9
Q

How does smoking affect health?

A

coronary heart disease and a multitude of other cancers

less increase in life expectacy

leading cause of health in early years

Smoking in adolescence has also been found to have more immediate effects and is linked with shortness of breath, asthma, higher blood pressure and an increased number of respiratory tract infections

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10
Q

How does alcohol affect health?

A

liver cirrhosis, cancers (e.g. pancreas and liver), hypertension and memory deficits

significant death rates

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11
Q

What is an addict historically speaking?

A

someone who ‘has no control over their behaviour’, ‘lacks moral fibre’, ‘uses a maladaptive coping mechanism’, ‘has an addictive behaviour’.

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12
Q

What is an addiction historically speaking?

A

‘a need for a drug’, ‘the use of a substance that is psychologically and physiologically addictive’, ‘showing tolerance and withdrawal’.

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13
Q

What is dependency?

A

‘showing psychological and physiological withdrawal’.

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14
Q

What was the moral model of addiction in the 17th century?

A

17th century - alcohol had high status in society
safer than water

behaviour of humans = as a result of their own free choice

alcoholism = deserved punishment, not treatment
→ moral model of addiction

Szasz in the 1960s - mad or bad
dehumanisation (so not responsible for personal things)

therefore be deserving of punishment
(acknowledging their responsibility), not treatment (denying their responsibility).

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15
Q

What is a Drug?

A

‘an addictive substance’, ‘a substance that causes dependency’, ‘any medical substance’.

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16
Q

What was the first disease concept in the 19th century?

A

temperance movement
evils of drink

alcoholics = victims (banning of consumption)

biomedical approach
illness

treatment was called for

17
Q

What was the second disease concept in the 20th century?

A

banning was more problematic than expected

acceptable social habit but severe elcoholism - individual problem

(1) pre-existing physical abnormalities;
(2) pre-existing psychological abnormalities; and
(3) acquired dependency theory

Regard addictions as discrete entities (you are either an addict or not an addict).
Regard an addiction as an illness.
Focus on the individual as the problem.
Regard the addiction as irreversible.
Emphasize treatment.
Emphasize treatment through total abstinence.

18
Q

What are problems associated with the disease model of addiction?

A
  • encourages treatment through a lifelong abstinence
  • does not incorporate relapse
  • suggests alcoholics can return to normal drinking patterns
19
Q

How was social learning theory applied to addiction in the 70s?

A
  • Addictive behaviours are seen as acquired habits, which are learned according to the rules of social learning theory.
  • Addictive behaviours can be unlearned; they are not irreversible.
  • Addictive behaviours lie along a continuum; they are not discrete entities.
  • Addictive behaviours are no different from other behaviours.
  • Treatment approaches involve either total abstinence or relearning ‘normal’ behaviour patterns.
20
Q

What personality traits are risk factors for addiction?

A
  • high levels of introversion and hopelessness or anxiety or sensitivity
  • high levels of sensation seeking and impulsivity
21
Q

What psychological factors are risk factors for addiction?

A
  • mental health problems
  • high comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders
    mood, personality disorders
    anxiety

-> coping
-> self-punishment

22
Q

What social/developmental factors are risk factors for addiction?

A

early-life negative event exposure → risk factor

toxic trio,
high incidents of parental domestic violence,
substance misuse,
and mental illness.
great risks of children’s immediate safety and long-term well-being.
+ intimate partner violence

extend to which SA contributes to escalation of violence → debatable
perpretation, victimisation

stress - psychological discomfort
PTSD

23
Q

How does SES influence addiction?

A

unstable housing, economic hardship, homelessness, increased alcohol, smoking and cocaine use among teenager and increased probability of use disorders in early adulthood

Caucasians, there is some evidence that higher SES is associated with
increases in adolescent use of alcohol, marijuana and cocaine.

high SES → risk factor for early use community level, protective factor among subgroups at greatest risk for pathological use

24
Q

How are social relationships associated with addiction?

A

healthy attachment to family is viewed as protective factor
poor family bonds tends to influence young ppl to use drugs via poor school attainment and involvement with substance using peers

Peer pressure - important factor affecting young people´s early experimentation with tobacco, alcohol and drugs and their subsequent willingness to continue taking these substances

Young people seek to distance themselves from their family/cultural values in
order to fit in another group

25
Q

How do cultural and social norms influence addiction?

A
  • high availability of different types of substances
  • the easier access to drugs
  • the experience of seeing more people consuming substances
  • the role of media sources on emphasising the presence of drugs
  • Sex-role expectations and stigmas:
  • Attitudes toward women drinking and drug use are less permissive in some
    cultures.
  • Stigma imposes barriers for women to seek support/treatment, especially when there are children involved.
26
Q

How is the impact of addiction shown on the family members of the drug user?

A

stress-strain-coping-support-model

stress on family
->
ways they cope
putting up, standing up, withdrawing
->
information and understanding
-> family strain or resilience

27
Q

What structures are disrupted within a family with a history of drug misuse?

A
  • rituals
  • roles
  • routines
  • communication
  • social life
  • finances
  • relationships
28
Q

What is the impact of addiction in our society?

A

depends

high opioid use

illicit drug use -> 20mio DALYs

suicide, infections, social burden

2.1 HAB (10 decks)

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