7 Flashcards
State what is meant by extreme weather
Weather that is unexpected (1), unusual (1), severe (1), unseasonal (1), significantly different from the normal pattern (1) /not normal to a particular area
Suggest how extreme weather in the UK can have economic and social impacts
Socialandeconomicimpactsmayoverlap. Transportdisruptioncanaffect people’s daily lives but may have severe effect on transport of supplies and cause delays to employees.
Creditunderstandingofsocialandeconomicimpactsofspecificweather events such as Cumbria floods (2009), St Jude storm (2013), Somerset Level floods (2014), drought/heatwave in 2003 and 2018, snow and ice in 2010andMarch2018. Howeverreferencetospecificexampleisnot needed for access to Level 3.
Impactsdependonthenatureoftheevent. Heatwavesmayleadto pressures on water supplies (hosepipe bans, water shortages), risk to lives of frail and elderly people, danger of wildfires disrupting traffic and destroying farmland, increased food costs, buckling of railway lines and meltingofroads. Creditpositivesocialandeconomiceffectsincludingboost to tourism industry, sales of ice cream and cold drinks.
ApplicationofknowledgeandunderstandingtoFigure2. Snowwarnings indicate travel delays, road and rail closures (social and economic), power cuts (social and economic) potential risk to life and property (mainly social).
Theredwarninginthephotographsuggestsmajortraveldisruptionwhich affects supplies of goods to shops and businesses (economic), possible closures of schools, increased chance of accidents and risk to life (social). Vehicles are stuck in traffic jams in both directions, including lorries carrying supplies.
The caption suggests a cost of £1 billion per day. Credit broader implications of extreme cold including train, ferry and airline cancellations and delays (social and economic), damage to crops and losses of livestock in rural areas (economic), stoppages to certain industries such as construction (economic), loss of electricity supplies if power lines damaged (social and economic).
Give two reasons why tropical storms form
High sea temperatures/sea temperatures above 26/27 degrees C (1) They form over the oceans, where water provides moisture/gives energy (1) Water vapour is evaporated from the ocean surface, which provides “fuel” for the storm (1)
Because at the Equator there isn’t enough spin from the earth’s rotation (Coriolis effect). (1)
Heat makes air unstable/makes the air rise rapidly. (1)
Low wind shear
As maximum wind speeds increase, so does the number of deaths linked to tropical storms do you agree ?
There is no (clear) relationship/there is not a direct link (1)
Some of the storms causing most deaths had lower max wind speeds / some storms causing more deaths had very high wind speeds (1) (Avoid double crediting).
Credit qualified use of data from the table eg the 3 storms causing the highest number of deaths all had lower wind speeds than the 4 with the least deaths (1)/The Bhola cyclone had the lowest max wind speed yet recorded the greatest number of deaths. (1)
Suggest one way the distribution of tropical storms could change if global ocean temperatures continue to rise
They may affect areas further from the Equator. (1)
They could affect parts of the sub tropics/the South Atlantic/NE USA. (1) Theycouldhaveabroaderdistribution/affectlargerpartsoftheworld. (1)
Explain how alternative energy production and planting trees may help to reduce the rate of climate change.
Alternative energy production. Renewable energy sources such as HEP, solar,windandtidesdonotemitlargeamountsofCO2. Someare renewableandlastintothefuture. Nuclearisanothersourcewithlittleorno release of CO2.
Plantingtrees. Treesactascarbonsinks,removingCO2fromthe atmosphereduringphotosynthesis. Theyalsoreleasemoistureintotheair, producing more cloud and reducing incoming solar radiation
Long-term responses to a tectonic hazard are more important than immediate responses
Knowledgeandunderstandingofspecificexample(s)ofatectonicevent(s). eg Haiti 2010 Many countries responded to appeals for aid, dispatching rescue and medical teams, engineers and support personnel. Communication systems, air, land, and sea transport facilitie s, hospitals, and electrical networks had been damaged by the earthquake, which slowed rescueandaidefforts. Asrescuestailedoff,supplies,medicalcareand sanitation became priorities. There were delays in aid distribution. Looting andsporadicviolenceoccurred. MedicinesSanFrontierstriedtohelp casualties whilst the USA took charge of trying to coordinate aid distribution.
Longertermresponses. TheEUandWorldBankprovidedlongerterm assistancebutresponsewasslow. Hugeincreaseinnumberofpeoplein relief camps of tents, most with no electricity, running water, or sewage disposal. TheDominicanRepublicofferedsupportandacceptedsome refugees. Mostdebrishasnowbeenremoved,newbuildingcodeshave been established, port is being rebuilt, part of the country’s debt has been written off and most agencies are resolved to make sure that the recovery is sustainable.
Evaluationoftherelativeimportanceofimmediateandlongtermresponses. Both may be considered essential, although longer term responses are sometimesgivenlowerpriorityafterinitialpublicityceases. Immediaterelief isessentialtosavelives,provideshelterandfood. Shorttermaidfromother countries may be crucial as government is not able to meet the needs of the victims. Longtermresponsesmaybeconsideredequally/moreimportantas they ensure the survivors are able to integrate back to their normal life. Length of recovery period may depend on availability of money for longer term reconstruction, available technology, efficiency of distribution systems, communications and infrastructure, level of preparation and planning, and how well emergency services cope
compare destructive and constructive waves
Constructive waves have strong swash whereas destructive waves have strong backwash
one reason for the difference in sediment size between Location X and Location Y
Heaviest material is only carried a short distance
process of mass movement in coastal environments .. s
Slumping
hard engineering techniques coast
Riprap/rockarmourconsistsofmassiveblocksofnaturalrockpiledupat the base of a cliff. If resistant rocks like granite are used they are eroded veryslowly. Therocksaredumpedontopofeachotherleavinggaps betweenthemthatallowwaterthrough. Thisdispersestheenergyofthe waves and reduces their erosional power.
Groyneslooklikewooden“fences”thatarebuiltdownthebeachatright anglestothecoastline. Theyaredesignedtostopmaterialbeingmoved alongthebeachbylongshoredrift. Theyworkbybuildinguptheamountof sand on the updrift side, acting as a buffer against wave attack, helping to protect the cliffs.
Sea walls aim to protect the coast using concrete, steel and/or stone. They are effective in protecting cliffs from erosion and also act as a barrier to prevent flooding. They absorb and deflect wave energy back to sea.
smol caves
the sea attacks the. foot of the cliff and begins to erode areas of weakness such as joints and cracks, through processes of erosion such as hydraulic action, wave pounding, abrasion and solution.
Gradually these cracks get larger ,developing into small caves
arch
Further erosion widens the cave and where the fault lines runs through the headland, two caves will eventually erode into the back of each other forming an arch, passing right through the headland.
