7 Flashcards
Periodic physiological flucuations
Biological rhythms
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Consciousness
the biological clock, regular bodily rhythms (for ex. of temp. and wakefullness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
Circadian rhythm
non rapid eye movement, are brief, less emotional and don’t contain impressions
Non-REM sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep, a reoccurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems stay active
REM Sleep
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
Alpha waves
Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation (adapted from Dement)
Sleep
False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
Hallucinations
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
Delta Waves
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
Insomnia
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
Narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
Sleep Apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified, unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
Night terrors
A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagry, discontinuties, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the context and later difficulties remembering it
Dream
According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).
Manifest content
According to Freud, the underlaying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dream’s latent content functions as a safety valve
Latent Content
researchers believe this that dreams may help sift, sort, and fix the day’s experiences in our memory. REM sleep facilitates memory
Informational Processing
regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways,
Physiological Function
REM sleep triggers impulses that evoke random visual memoriies, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories
Activation-synthesis
dream content reflects dreamers cognitive development-their knowledge and understanding
Cognitive thoery
Dreams provide a “psychic safety valve”-expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings: contain manifest (remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content- a hidden meaning
Freud’s Wish Fulfillment
dreams as part of brain maturation and cognitive development
Cognitive development
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM cycle)
REM Rebound
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
Hypnosis
started the modern era of hypnosis
Anton Mesmer
a suggestion, made during a hypnosis sessin, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized, used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
Posthypnotic suggestion
The subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role that she ignores the odor
Social Influence Theory
pioneered hypnotism, distinguished himself through his studies of the role of hypnosis in human behavior and response.
Ernest Hilgard
a split consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
Dissociation (divided-consciousness thoery)
he discovered hypnosis as a social-cognitive theory and that hypnosis is a special state of consciousness.
Theodore Barber
Freud, hypnosis that brings the patient back to an event when they were younger
Age Regression
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
Psychoactive Drug
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.
Tolerance
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
Withdrawal
A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
Physical Dependence
A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
Psychological Dependence
compulsive drug craving and use
Addiction
drugs, such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates, that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
Depressants
drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment
Barbiturates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin, they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Opiates
drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
Stimulants
drugs that stimulate neural activiy, causing speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
Amphetamines
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes, over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
methamphetamine
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucingen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term health risks and longer term harm to serotonin producing neurons and to mood and cognition
Ecstasy (MDMA)
psychedelic “mind-manifesting” drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
Hallucinogens
a powerful hallucingen drug, also known as aid
LSD
the major ingredient in marijuana, triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
THC
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death, often similar to drug induced hallucinations
Near death experience
the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
Dualism
the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing
monism
