Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Environmental Health > 7/13/16 > Flashcards

7/13/16 Flashcards

1
Q

I = P X A X T

A

I= environmental impact; p=population; a=affluence; t=technology

Growth in environ. impact = growth in population x growth in affluence x growth in technology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the top 5 countries in population growth in 2050?

A

1) India
2) China
3) USA
4) Nigeria
5) Indonesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

1969-2013: Death rate per 100,000 has decreased by ____

A

42.9&

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Heart disease: ___ reduction

A

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cancer: ____ reduction

A

17.9% reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Rate for COPD has increased ___ percent

A

100.6%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Unintentional injuries: ___ reduction

A

39.8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Factors that make environmental disease hard to identify

A

latency, multi-factorial etiology, disease non-specificity, individual characteristics (susceptibility), dose-response relations, and mixed exposure scenarios

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Biomarkers

A

molecular, biochemical or cellular alterations that are measurable in biological media, such as human tissues, cells, or fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Molecular epidemiology

A

incorporation of biomarkers into analytic, epidemiologic research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Molecular mechanisms

A

basic biological, physiological, biochemical sequence of events at the molecular and cellular levels that characterize the progression from an initiating event through clinical disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why do we care about molecular mechanisms?

A

Risk assessment - risk factors, susceptibility factors

Risk management - interventions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How big is our microbiome?

A

10^14-10^15 bacteria in our gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many cells in 1 gram of tissue?

A

10^9 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many cells in average person?

A

10^13-10^14 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pathways that are corrupted in cancer

A 
Sustaining proliferative signaling 
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis 
Enabling replicative immortality 
Inducing angiogenesis 
Resisting cell death
17
Q

Historical perspective of Cancer

A

1713 - Ramazzini - noted nuns had higher breast cancer incidence than other women
1761 - Hill - tobacco snuff use and nasal passage cancer
1775 - Pott - scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps
1895 - Rehn - occupation exposure to aromatic amines and bladder cancer
1915 - Ichikawa - first experimentally induced cancer

18
Q

Evidence suggesting environmental agents as causes of human cancers

A
  • cancer rates within a population change over time
  • global geographic variation in incidence of specific cancers
  • large differences in tumor incidence in a single country
  • migrant populations assume the cancer incidence of their new environment within 1-2 generations
  • twins study, environmental and cancer
19
Q

Biomarkers of dose to humans: internal dose

A

Direct measure of toxic chemicals or their metabolites in cells, tissues, or body fluids (integrates multiple portals of entry, fluctuating exposures, relates exposure to dose)

20
Q

Examples of biomarkers of internal dose

A

exhaled breath - volatile organic chemicals (ethanol)
blood levels - styrene, lead, cadmium, arsenic
fat concentrations - PCBs, and PBBs, DDT & TCDD
metabolites in urine - aflatoxin, benzene, arsenic
mutagen in urine - chemotherapeutic drugs, carcinogens
hair sample - arsenic
blood carboxyhemoglobin - CO
blood methemoglobinemia - organic nitrates

21
Q

DNA adducts

A

cellular DNA: e.g. benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts in peripheral lymphocytes of coke oven workers; cisplatinum-DNA adducts in WBC of chemotherapy patients

22
Q

Protein adducts

A

hemoglobin: ethylene oxide, aromatic amines, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, cisplatinum
albumin: aflatoxin B1

23
Q

Cancers linked to smoking

A

lung, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, bladders, nasal cavity, stomach, liver, kidney, ureter, cervix, myeloid leukemia

24
Q

Carcinogens in tobacco smoke

A

PAH, nitrosamines, aromatic amines, aldehyde, phenols, volatile hydrocarbons, nitro compounds

25
Q

the major addictive substance in tobacco products, but not a carcinogen

A

nicotine, but when nicotine is nitrosated -> converted to very potent carcinogen (NNK-nicotine-derived nitrosamino ketone)

26
Q

tobacco-specific nitrosamines NNK

A
  • formed during curing and processing of tobacco
  • most abundant strong carcinogen in unburned tobacco
  • present in tobacco smoke (100-400ng per cig)
  • Lung is the main target of NNK
  • both inhalation and skin exposures cause lung tumors
  • classified as IARC Group 1 carcinogen
27
Q

Second leading cause of lung cancer globally

A

Radon

28
Q

Epigenetics

A

Heritable changes in gene expression that are not due to any alteration in the DNA sequence
- best known epigenetic marker - DNA methylation

29
Q

Epigenetics and human disease

A

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in phenotype or gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes int he underlying DNA sequence

Environmental Health (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions