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Animal Physiology > 7-10: Respiration > Flashcards

7-10: Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What was original O2 level compared to today?

A

0.01%

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2
Q

What does readily available O2 allow

A

Synthesis of biological macromolecules
Evolution of metazoan life (as gas exchange)
Formation of ozone layer

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3
Q

What are free radicals?

A 
Superoxide (OO-)
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
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4
Q

Why can small amounts of oxygen cause problems?

A

Free radicals form

They are toxic

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5
Q

How do modern organisms prevent free radicals?

A

Enzymes- eg. catalase

Anti-oxidants- eg. vitamins E and C

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6
Q

What are the respiratory gases?

A

O2 and CO2

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7
Q

What is a fluid?

A

Molecules are relatively free to change positions

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8
Q

What is a gas?

A

Molecules practically unrestricted by cohesive forces

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9
Q

What is a liquid?

A

Fluid, but weak cohesive forces between molecules

Fixed volume

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10
Q

What is density?

A

Mass per unit volume or a substance

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11
Q

What is pressure?

A

Force exerted over an area (for a gas would be container walls)

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12
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

P V = k
Pressure x volume = constant
Describes relationship between temperature and pressure
p1v1 = p2v2

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13
Q

What is Dalton’s law of pressure?

A

Total pressure in a container of mixed gases is equal to the sum of the pressures of each component gas
Gases can be considered separately

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14
Q

Oxygen facts

A

Most abundant element in Earth’s crust (49.2%)
20.95% of the Earth’s atmosphere
Only moves by diffusion (no active transport)

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15
Q

What is respiration?

A

Exchanging CO2 for O2

Via diffusion

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16
Q

Why are convection methods needed?

A

As size increases, diffusion is not enough

17
Q

What are convection methods?

A

Also called transport by bulk flow
When gas mixture/aqueous solution flows and gas molecules in the gas/liquid are carried from place to place by the fluid flow

18
Q

How can the rate of connective gas transport be increased?

A

By increasing the concentration of the flow

19
Q

What do larger and more active animals need for gas transport?

A

Ventilatory system- to move more volumes of air

Circulatory system- to transfer dissolved O2 to tissues

20
Q

What are the 4 basic components of gas transport?

A

Breathing movements
Diffusion of O2 and CO2
Bulk transport of gases by blood
Diffusion of O2 and CO2 across capillary walls

21
Q

What are diffusion barriers for?

A

Maximising efficiency of diffusion

One cell thick

22
Q

How is CO2 transported?

A

Bicarbonate ions
Blood proteins
In solution with plasma

23
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

Haemoglobin that has released O2 binds more readily to CO2 than Hb that has oxygen bound to it

24
Q

What is the Fick equation?

A

VO2 = Q x A-VO2 diff

25
Q

What does the Fick equation actually mean?

A

Determines the rate at which a person uses oxygen in their body
Maximum VO2 is the greatest amount of oxygen you can take in and utilize, and is a value that can be influenced by genetics and training

26
Q

Features of Haemoglobin

A

Red
Binds oxygen
With Hb, blood has 0.3mL, with is 20mL
Some fish lack Hb, eg antarctic toothfish

27
Q

Features of Myoglobin

A 
Stores O2 in vertebrate muscle
Equivalent to one Hb molecule
Only found in blood after muscle injury
Makes meat red
O2 store in diving species
28
Q

What respiratory pigment do molluscs and arthropods have?

A

Hemocyanin
Copper colour
Similar properties to Hb

29
Q

What reduces Hb-O2 affinity?

A

Elevated temperature
Binding organic phosphate ligands
Decrease in pH
Increase in CO2

30
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Increasing conc. of protons and/or CO2 reduces the affinity of Hb for O2
Facilitates O2 transport
Allows the body to supply O2 to tissues that need it most

31
Q

What is an open co-current flow?

A

Animals use general body surfaces to exchange gas
Eg. small animals, amphibians
Blood vessels absorb O2 across skin

32
Q

What is a uniform pool system?

A 
Like ours
Co-current flow
Tidal air-flow
Lungs are completely internalised, formed by invagination
Mainly terrestrial species
33
Q

What is a counter-current system?

A

Flow of water is opposite to blood flow
Partial pressure of O2 (pO2) of blood increases along length of gill
Eg. gills

34
Q

What is a cross-current system?

A

Uni-directional flow of air through lungs
Blood flow is perpendicular to air flow
Different pO2 values along different parts of air tubes
Very complex
Eg. bird lungs

Animal Physiology (3 decks)

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