7-10 quiz a&p

Question 1

Diaphysis

Answer 1

long bone ; hollow tube made of hard, compact bone, hence a rigid and strong structure light enough in weight to permit easy movement, middle

Question 2

Medullary cavity

Answer 2

Long Bone: the hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone; contains soft yellow bone marrow, an inactive, fatty form of marrow found in the adult skeleton

Question 3

Epiphyses

Answer 3

Long Bone: the ends of a long bone; red bone marrow fills in small spaces in the spongy bone inside the epiphyses; some yellow marrow may appear as a person ages, promotes easy movement

Question 4

Articular cartilage

Answer 4

Long Bone: thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering each epiphysis; functions like a thin, smooth rubber cushion would if it were placed over the ends of bones where they form a joint

Question 5

Periosteum

Answer 5

Long Bone: strong membrane of dense fibrous tissue covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces, where it is covered by articular cartilage

Question 6

Endosteum

Answer 6

Long Bone: a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

Question 7

How are flat bones different from long bones? Provide examples in the body for flat bones.

Answer 7

Flat bones,for protection such as the sternum (breastbone), the ribs, and many of the skull bones, have a simpler structure than most long bones. Long bones are for support and movement

Question 8

What are the two types of connective tissue that compose bones?

Answer 8

Bone and Cartilage

Question 9

Cancellous bone

Answer 9

spongy bone contains many spaces—like a bath sponge. The cavities are filled with red or yellow marrow.

Question 10

Compact bone

Answer 10

compact bone does not contain a network of open spaces. More protection

Question 11

process of making and remodeling bone

Answer 11

When the skeleton begins to form in a baby before its birth, it consists not of bones but of cartilage and fibrous structures shaped like bones. Gradually these cartilage “models” become transformed into real bones when the cartilage is replaced with calcified bone matrix. This process of constantly “remodeling” a growing bone as it changes from a small cartilage model to the characteristic shape and proportion of the adult bone requires continuous activity by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts and bone-reabsorbing cells called osteoclasts

Question 12

endochondral ossification

Answer 12

meaning “formed in cartilage” when bones are formed from cartilage

Question 13

intramembranous ossification

Answer 13

calcification of fibrous membranes

Question 14

Cartilage

Answer 14

resembles and differs from bone. As with bone, it consists more of intercellular substance than of cells. Innumerable collagenous fibers reinforce the matrix of both tissues

Question 15

Osteoporosis

Answer 15

It is characterized by excessive loss of calcified matrix and collagenous fibers from bone.

Question 16

axial skeleton bones

Answer 16

Bones of the center, or axis, of the body make up the axial skeleton. The bones of the skull, spine, and chest and the hyoid bone in the neck are all in the axial skeleton.

Question 17

appendicular skeleton

Answer 17

consists of the bones of the upper extremities (shoulder, pectoral girdles, arms, wrists, and hands) and the lower extremities (hip, pelvic girdles, legs, ankles, and feet)

Question 18

Frontal

Answer 18

Skull Bone, forehead bone, upper eye sockets,

Question 19

Parietal

Answer 19

Skull Bone, bulging topsides of cranium

Question 20

Temporal

Answer 20

Skull Bone: Form posterior sides of cranium; contain middle and inner ear structures

Question 21

Occipital

Answer 21

Skull Bone: Forms back of skull; spinal cord enters cranium through large hole (foramen magnum) in occipital bone

Question 22

Ethmoid

Answer 22

Skull Bone: Complicated bone that helps form floor of cranium, side walls and roof of nose and part of its middle partition

Question 23

Identify Skull Bones

Answer 23

Frontal Occipital, Parietal, ethmoid, Temporal, Sphenoid

Question 24

Sphenoid

Answer 24

Forms central part of floor of cranium; pituitary gland located in small depression in sphenoid called sella turcica (Turkish saddle); muscles attach to pterygoid process

Question 25

Identify the four sutures of the skull

Answer 25

Lambdoidal, squamous, coronal, saggital

Question 26

saggital suture

Answer 26

joins the medial margins of the parietal margins to each other
The soft areas are six fontanels, soft spot

Question 27

Squamous sutures

Answer 27

joins lateral margin of each parietal bone with the superior margin of the temporal bone and to the lateral part of the sphenoid bone

Question 28

Coronal suture

Answer 28

joins the anterior margins of parietal bones with the posterior margin of the frontal bone

Question 29

Lambdoidal suture

Answer 29

joins posterior margins of parietal bones to the occipital bone

Question 30

Sections of the vertibrae column

Answer 30

Cervical region, thoracic region, lumbar region, sacrum

Question 31

cervical region

Answer 31

7 vertabrae, in neck region

Question 32

thoracic region

Answer 32

12 vertabrae, ribs attach to these

Question 33

lumbar region

Answer 33

five vertebrae; located in small of back

Question 34

sacrum

Answer 34

in adults its fused together. in infants its 5 separate vertebrae

Question 35

Convex Curvatures

Answer 35

Round outward

Question 36

Concave Curvatures

Answer 36

Curve inward

Question 37

Identify the bones of the thorax

Answer 37

Twelve pairs of ribs, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic form the bony cage known as the thorax or chest.

Question 38

Identify the bones of the upper extremities

Answer 38

The scapula, or shoulder blade, and the clavicle, or collarbone, compose the shoulder girdle, or pectoral girdle. This structure connects the upper extremity to the axial skeleton.

Question 39

Identify the bones of the lower extremities.

Answer 39

The hip girdle, or pelvic girdle, connects the legs to the trunk, two large coxal bones, one located on each side of the pelvis, attached inferiorly to the sacrum of the vertebral column

Question 40

how do age and environmental factors play a role on the skeletal system.

Answer 40

Without enough calcium and vitamin D, especially during the developmental years, the skeleton may not reach its full potential of growth or it may show signs of early degeneration. The load-bearing or mechanical stress of using the skeleton affects how bone tissue is remodeled. Exercise has a profound effect on the skeleton.

Question 41

three types of joints or articulations of the skeletal system

Answer 41

Synarthroses—no movement
Amphiarthroses—slight movement
Diarthroses—free movement

Question 42

ligaments and joints

Answer 42

The joint capsule is made of the body’s strongest and toughest material—fibrous connective tissue—and is lined with a smooth, slippery synovial membrane. The capsule fits over the ends of the two bones somewhat like a sleeve.
Ligaments (cords or bands made of the same strong fibrous connective tissue as the joint capsule) also grow out of the periosteum and join the two bones together even more firmly.

Question 43

Ball and Socket

Answer 43

ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a concave socket of another bone, permit the widest range of movements

Question 44

Hinge

Answer 44

like the hinges on a door, allow movements in only two directions, namely, flexion and extension.

Question 45

Saddle

Answer 45

Only one pair of saddle joints exists in the body—between the metacarpal bone of each thumb and a carpal bone of the wrist (the name of this carpal bone is the trapezium) they make possible the human thumb’s great mobility, a mobility no animal’s thumb possesses

Question 46

Gliding

Answer 46

Gliding joints are the least movable diarthrotic joints. Their flat articulating surfaces allow limited gliding movements, such as that at the superior and inferior articulating processes between successive vertebrae

Question 47

Condyloid

Answer 47

those in which a condyle (an oval projection) fits into an elliptical socket

Question 48

different types of joint movements

Answer 48

Flexion (to flex a joint) Reduces the angle of the joint, as in bending the elbow
Extension (to extend a joint) Increases the angle of a joint, as in straightening a bent elbow
Abduction (to abduct a joint) Increases the angle of a joint to move a part away from the midline, as in moving the arm to the side and away from the body
Adduction (to adduct a joint) Decreases the angle of a joint to move a part toward the midline, as in moving the arm in and down from the sideRotation (to rotate a joint) Spins one bone relative to another, as in rotating the head at the neck joint
Circumduction (to circumduct a joint) Moves the distal end of a bone in a circle, while circumducting a joint, keeping the proximal end relatively stable, as in moving the arm in a circle and thus circumducting the shoulder joint