7-10 quiz a&p Flashcards
Diaphysis
long bone ; hollow tube made of hard, compact bone, hence a rigid and strong structure light enough in weight to permit easy movement, middle
Medullary cavity
Long Bone: the hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone; contains soft yellow bone marrow, an inactive, fatty form of marrow found in the adult skeleton
Epiphyses
Long Bone: the ends of a long bone; red bone marrow fills in small spaces in the spongy bone inside the epiphyses; some yellow marrow may appear as a person ages, promotes easy movement
Articular cartilage
Long Bone: thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering each epiphysis; functions like a thin, smooth rubber cushion would if it were placed over the ends of bones where they form a joint
Periosteum
Long Bone: strong membrane of dense fibrous tissue covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces, where it is covered by articular cartilage
Endosteum
Long Bone: a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
How are flat bones different from long bones? Provide examples in the body for flat bones.
Flat bones,for protection such as the sternum (breastbone), the ribs, and many of the skull bones, have a simpler structure than most long bones. Long bones are for support and movement
What are the two types of connective tissue that compose bones?
Bone and Cartilage
Cancellous bone
spongy bone contains many spaces—like a bath sponge. The cavities are filled with red or yellow marrow.
Compact bone
compact bone does not contain a network of open spaces. More protection
process of making and remodeling bone
When the skeleton begins to form in a baby before its birth, it consists not of bones but of cartilage and fibrous structures shaped like bones. Gradually these cartilage “models” become transformed into real bones when the cartilage is replaced with calcified bone matrix. This process of constantly “remodeling” a growing bone as it changes from a small cartilage model to the characteristic shape and proportion of the adult bone requires continuous activity by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts and bone-reabsorbing cells called osteoclasts
endochondral ossification
meaning “formed in cartilage” when bones are formed from cartilage
intramembranous ossification
calcification of fibrous membranes
Cartilage
resembles and differs from bone. As with bone, it consists more of intercellular substance than of cells. Innumerable collagenous fibers reinforce the matrix of both tissues
Osteoporosis
It is characterized by excessive loss of calcified matrix and collagenous fibers from bone.
axial skeleton bones
Bones of the center, or axis, of the body make up the axial skeleton. The bones of the skull, spine, and chest and the hyoid bone in the neck are all in the axial skeleton.
appendicular skeleton
consists of the bones of the upper extremities (shoulder, pectoral girdles, arms, wrists, and hands) and the lower extremities (hip, pelvic girdles, legs, ankles, and feet)
Frontal
Skull Bone, forehead bone, upper eye sockets,
Parietal
Skull Bone, bulging topsides of cranium
Temporal
Skull Bone: Form posterior sides of cranium; contain middle and inner ear structures
Occipital
Skull Bone: Forms back of skull; spinal cord enters cranium through large hole (foramen magnum) in occipital bone
Ethmoid
Skull Bone: Complicated bone that helps form floor of cranium, side walls and roof of nose and part of its middle partition
Identify Skull Bones
Frontal Occipital, Parietal, ethmoid, Temporal, Sphenoid
Sphenoid
Forms central part of floor of cranium; pituitary gland located in small depression in sphenoid called sella turcica (Turkish saddle); muscles attach to pterygoid process
Identify the four sutures of the skull
Lambdoidal, squamous, coronal, saggital
saggital suture
joins the medial margins of the parietal margins to each other
The soft areas are six fontanels, soft spot
Squamous sutures
joins lateral margin of each parietal bone with the superior margin of the temporal bone and to the lateral part of the sphenoid bone
Coronal suture
joins the anterior margins of parietal bones with the posterior margin of the frontal bone
Lambdoidal suture
joins posterior margins of parietal bones to the occipital bone
Sections of the vertibrae column
Cervical region, thoracic region, lumbar region, sacrum
cervical region
7 vertabrae, in neck region
thoracic region
12 vertabrae, ribs attach to these
lumbar region
five vertebrae; located in small of back
sacrum
in adults its fused together. in infants its 5 separate vertebrae
Convex Curvatures
Round outward
Concave Curvatures
Curve inward
Identify the bones of the thorax
Twelve pairs of ribs, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic form the bony cage known as the thorax or chest.
Identify the bones of the upper extremities
The scapula, or shoulder blade, and the clavicle, or collarbone, compose the shoulder girdle, or pectoral girdle. This structure connects the upper extremity to the axial skeleton.
Identify the bones of the lower extremities.
The hip girdle, or pelvic girdle, connects the legs to the trunk, two large coxal bones, one located on each side of the pelvis, attached inferiorly to the sacrum of the vertebral column
how do age and environmental factors play a role on the skeletal system.
Without enough calcium and vitamin D, especially during the developmental years, the skeleton may not reach its full potential of growth or it may show signs of early degeneration. The load-bearing or mechanical stress of using the skeleton affects how bone tissue is remodeled. Exercise has a profound effect on the skeleton.
three types of joints or articulations of the skeletal system
Synarthroses—no movement
Amphiarthroses—slight movement
Diarthroses—free movement
ligaments and joints
The joint capsule is made of the body’s strongest and toughest material—fibrous connective tissue—and is lined with a smooth, slippery synovial membrane. The capsule fits over the ends of the two bones somewhat like a sleeve.
Ligaments (cords or bands made of the same strong fibrous connective tissue as the joint capsule) also grow out of the periosteum and join the two bones together even more firmly.
Ball and Socket
ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a concave socket of another bone, permit the widest range of movements
Hinge
like the hinges on a door, allow movements in only two directions, namely, flexion and extension.
Saddle
Only one pair of saddle joints exists in the body—between the metacarpal bone of each thumb and a carpal bone of the wrist (the name of this carpal bone is the trapezium) they make possible the human thumb’s great mobility, a mobility no animal’s thumb possesses
Gliding
Gliding joints are the least movable diarthrotic joints. Their flat articulating surfaces allow limited gliding movements, such as that at the superior and inferior articulating processes between successive vertebrae
Condyloid
those in which a condyle (an oval projection) fits into an elliptical socket
different types of joint movements
Flexion (to flex a joint) Reduces the angle of the joint, as in bending the elbow
Extension (to extend a joint) Increases the angle of a joint, as in straightening a bent elbow
Abduction (to abduct a joint) Increases the angle of a joint to move a part away from the midline, as in moving the arm to the side and away from the body
Adduction (to adduct a joint) Decreases the angle of a joint to move a part toward the midline, as in moving the arm in and down from the sideRotation (to rotate a joint) Spins one bone relative to another, as in rotating the head at the neck joint
Circumduction (to circumduct a joint) Moves the distal end of a bone in a circle, while circumducting a joint, keeping the proximal end relatively stable, as in moving the arm in a circle and thus circumducting the shoulder joint
