6th Year Exam Flashcards
Antibiotics in mononucleosis
Amoxicillin can cause rash
Cephalosporin will not give rash
10 poisons in childhood
1) acetaminophen
2) salicylate
3) oral hypoglycemics
4) anticholinergics
5) organophosphates
6) caustic ingestion (acid/alkali)
7) opioids
8) acute iron poisoning
9) lead poisoning
10) ethanol
Examples of AD inheritance
Achondroplasia, Ehler-Danlos, Marfan, MEN syndromes, NF1 and2, osteogenesis imperfecta, vWf deficiency
Examples of AR inheritance
AR polycystic kidney diseases, CF, galactosemia, hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, maple syrup urine disease, phenylketonuria, some primary immunodeficiencies,
Examples of XR inheritance
G6PD deficiency, Bruton agammaglobulinemia, Hemophilia A and B, Duchenne and Becker
Examples of XD inheritance
Fragile X syndrome, Alport syndrome, x-linked hypophosphatemic rickets
Short stature calculation
Mid-parental height = (fathers height + mothers +/- 13cm)/2
+boys/-girls
Quick about changes in circulation at birth
Dec. pulmonary resistance -> inc pressure L atrium -> Foramen ovale close -> inc O2 from resp and dec in PGs from placental separation -> closure of ductus arteriosus
Synonym for congenital hypoplastic anemia
Diamond blackfan anemia
Viruses connected to aplastic anemia
Parvovirus B19, HIV, hepatitis, EBV, CMV
Primary amenorrhea - ovarian issues
- Turner syndrome (streak gonads)
- Aromatase def. (lack hormone to convert androgen to estrogen)
- Chemo/radiation (ovarian failure)
Primary amenorrhea - hypothalamus/pituitary issues
- Kallmann syndrome (Failure of GnRH-producing cells to develop, also anosmia)
- Tumor (compression/infiltration of pituitary)
- Malnutrition (leads to hypothalamic dysregulation, inhibits GnRH)
Causes of primary testicular failure
Klinefelter (XXY), cryptorchidism, mumps orchitis, injury, chemo/radiation
Causes of secondary testicular failure
Pituitary disorders, inflammatory diseases, Kallmann syndrome, drugs, obesity
Intestinal atresia
Failure of a hollow viscus organ to develop appropriately. Can be stenosis, absence or rotation of a portion of the intestine
Sign duodenal atresia
Double bubble sign on x-ray (also seen in malrotation with volvulus)
Sign pyloric stenosis
String sign (barium studies)
Tumors of soft tissue and bone
Rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma
Osteosarcoma predilection sites + signs on imaging
Metaphysis of long bones. Codman triangle, sunburst sign.
Ewing sarcoma predilection sites + signs on x-ray
Flat bones of axial skeleton (+diaphysis of long bones). Onion skin appearance
Benign bone tumors
Osteochondroma (long bones), osteoma (facial bones), osteoblastoma (vertebrae)
Diseases with fever and rash
Measles, Rubella, 5th disease (Parvovirus B19), 6th disease (HHV-6), Varicella zoster, scarlet fever, systemic JIA, Kawasaki
Definition infantile respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
(Previously called hyaline membrane disease). Lack of pulmonary surfactant resulting in mild to severe respiratory compromise in neonatal period.
Examples of chromosomal abnormalities
Turner syndrome, Down syndrome, Edwards (18), Patau (13), Prader-Willi syndrome, Angelman syndrome
Diseases with fever w/o rash
Usually bacterial infection in babies <3months, usually viral in babies >3 months
BPD definition
Oxygen requirement > 28 days, or at 36 weeks postmenstrual age in premature infant with characteristic radiologic, clinical and pathological findings.
Retinopathy of prematurity
Retinal vessels grow into vitreous, causing retinal detachment and blindness if severe
(90% of babies <750g, 50% if 1000-1250g)
Diseases with chronic fever (examples)
EBV, CMV, TB, HIV, rickettsiae, Kawasaki, JIA, SLE, malignancy
Newborn rashes
- Milia: keratin-filled cysts (face)
- Sebaceous gland hyperplasia: due to maternal androgens (face)
- Erythema toxicum: 2-3cm w/central tiny vesicle/pustule
- Acne neonatorum
How are infections spread perinatally?
Vertical (transplacental), ascending from vaginal canal, during delivery
Perinatal bacterial infections
GBS, Listeria, E.coli, N.gonorrhea, C.trachomatis, T.pallidum
Criteria for infective endocarditis
Duke:
Major: blood culture pos. for typical organisms, echo showing valvular vegetation
Minor: predisposing cardiac lesion, IV drug use, temp >38, embolic phenomena, immunologic phenomena, pos. blood culture not meeting above criteria
(Definite: 2 major OR 1 major + 2 minor)
Etiology of myocarditis
Usually viral (especially coxsackie B or adenovirus)
Definition recurrent abdominal pain
Pain more than 1x/month for more than 3 months that interferes with daily functioning
Red flags abdominal pain
Awakened by pain, ass. fever or weight loss, bloody stool, emesis
Acquired immunodeficiencies
HIV/AIDS, sickle cell disease, malignancies, immunosuppression by medication, chemotherapy, malnutrition
Disorders of amino acid metabolism
1) Phenylketonuria
2) Maple syrup urine disease
3) Homocysteinuria
4) Tyrosinemia
Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (causes)
1) Rotor and Dubin-Johnson
2) Alpha-1 antitrypsin def.
3) Niemann-Pick and Gaucher
4) Infections/systemic diseases causing cholestasis
5) Obstruction: biliary atresia, CF, masses
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (causes)
1) Hemolytic anemias
2) Gilbert and Crigler-Najjar
Causes of encephalitis
Bacterial: Bartonella, Borrelia, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia
Viral: HSV, enteroviruses, CMV, EBV
Congenital disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
1) Glycogen storage diseases
2) Galactose metabolism disorders
3) Hereditary fructose intolerance
