6b. Plant Systems: Plant Structures & Funcitons Flashcards
Cuticle
Structure & Function
Structure:
- Waxy and transparent
- No chloroplast
- Composed of cutin (lipid)
Function:
- Waxy to reduce water loss through evaporation from the leaf and prevents the invasion of bacteria or viruses
- Transparent for light to enter the leaf
Epidermis (Upper & Lower)
Structure & Function
Structure:
- Single layer of closely packed cells (horizontal)
- Covered on the outside with cuticle
- No chloroplast
Function:
- Protects the inner cells
- Allows light to pass through to the mesophyll
Palisade Mesophyll
Structure & Function
Structure:
- Closely packed, long and cylindrical cells nearest to the upper epidermis (vertical)
- Contain the largest number of chloroplasts
Function:
- To absorb light energy for photosynthesis
Spongy Mesophyll
Structure & Function
Structure:
- Irregularly shaped cells
- Contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis
- Loosely packed with large intercellular air spaces among the cells to increase surface area for gaseous exchange
- Cells are covered with a thin film of moisture to allow gases to dissolve and diffuse more easily
- Contains vascular bundles
Function:
- Photosynthesis
- Gaseous exchange
Vascular Bundle
Structure & Function
Structure:
- Xylem (dead structure)
- Phloem
- Cambium (consists of undifferentiated cells which can divide to form new xylem and phloem)
- Network is extensive
Function:
- Extensive network provides effective transport
- Xylem transports water and mineral salts from roots to mesophyll cells in leaf
- Phloem transports sucrose and amino acids away from the leaf to other parts of the plant
Large Intercellular Air Spaces
Structure & Function
Structure:
- Interconnecting system of air spaces in the spongy mesophyll
Function:
- Allow circulation of air inside leaf for photosynthesis and respiration
- Allow for rapid diffusion of carbon dioixde and oxygen into and out of the cells
Guard cells
Structure & Function
Structure:
- Between epidermal cells
- Contains chloroplasts
- Cell wall near the stoma is thicker than elsewhere in the cell
Function:
- Regulate the size of the stomata for gaseous exchange and transpiration
Stomata
Structure & Function
Structure:
- Opening in the middle of two guard cells
Function:
- Allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse in and out of the leaf (gaseous exchange)
- Allow water vapour to diffuse out of the leaf (transpiration)
6 Ways a Leaf is Adapted for Photosynthesis
Adaptations of Leaf:
- Waxy and transparent cuticle on upper and lower epidermis: reduces water loss through evaporation and allows light to enter the leaf.
- Stomata present in epidermal layers: open in the presence of light, allowing carbon dioxide to diffuse in and oxygen to diffuse out of the leaf.
- Chloroplasts containing chlorophyll in all mesophyll cells: absorbs energy from sunlight and transfers it to chemical stores of energy in glucose molecules.
- More chloroplasts in upper palisade tissue: can absorb more light near the leaf surface for photosynthesis.
- Interconnecting system of air spaces in the spongy mesophyll: Allow rapid diffusion of carbon dioxide into and oxygen out of mesophyll cells.
- Veins containing xylem and phloem situated close to mesophyll cells: transports water and mineral salts to mesophyll cells, transports sucrose and amino acids away from the leaf.
What happens to guard cells in the day?
- Guard cells photosynthesize
- Chemical energy is used to pump potassium ions (K+) into the guard cells from the neighbouring epidermal cells.
- Concentration of K+ increases in the guard cells.
- Water potential in guard cells is lowered.
- Water from neighbouring cells enter guard cells by osmosis.
- Guard cells swell and become turgid.
- Due to the difference in thickness of cell wall in guard cells, one side expands more than the other.
- Stoma opens.
What happens to guard cells in the night?
- Potassium ions move out of the guard cells via diffusion.
- Water potential in guard cells increases.
- Water moves out of the guard cells by osmosis.
- Guard cells become flaccid.
- Stoma closes.
What are some significant features of a plant for photosynthesis, gaseous exchange, & transport?
1. Distribution of chloroplasts in photosynthesis:
- Mainly in the palisade and spongy mesophyll.
- Chlorophyll in chloroplasts traps light energy and convert it into chemical energy to form glucose.
2. Stomata and mesophyll cells in gaseous exchange:
- Spongy mesophyll cells are loosely packed with large, interconnecting air spaces among the cells to increase surface area for a faster rate of diffusion of gases in and out of the mesophyll cells
- Cells and are covered with a thin film of moisture, to alllow gases to dissolve for a faster rate of diffusion of gases
- Stomata allow the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen with the atmosphere.
3. Vascular bundles in transport:
- Network is extensive to provide effective transport of water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves through the xylem, and sucrose and amino acids away from the leaves to other parts of the plant through the phloem.
Xylem
Structure & Function
Structure:
- Long, continuous, hollow tubes
- Consisting of dead cells
- Empty lumen (no cellular contents or cell membrane)
- Inner walls are strengthened by lignin deposits
Function:
- Transport water and mineral salts from the roots to the stems and leaves (one direction).
- Flow of water along them is a passive process.
- Provide mechanical support to the plant
Adaptations of Xylem
- Empty lumen, consisting of dead cells: reduces resistance to the flow of water.
- Inner walls are strengthened with deposits of lignin: prevents the collapse of the vessel and provides mechanical support to the plant. (Lignin can deposit in different patterns)
Phloem
Structure & Function
Structure:
- Phloem is composed of columns of sieve tube cells, specialised cells.
- Individual sieve tube cells are seperated by perforated walls called sieve plates.
- Sieve tube cells are closely associated with companion cells which lie next to them.
Function:
- Transport manufactured food substances such as sucrose and amino acids throughout the plant (either direction).
- Process is known as translocation, an active process.