6A and 6B - checkpoint Flashcards
Person perception
the mental processes we use to form impressions and draw conclusions about other people
Directly
provided from the person we are judging, for example through observing them or interacting with them
Indirectly
through hearing about the person, we are judging from another person or source
Attribution
an evaluation made about the causes of behaviour
Internal (personal) attribution
When we judge behaviour as the result of something occurring within [personally] an individual
External (situational) attribution
When we determine the cause of a behaviour as resulting from situational factors occurring outside the individual
Fundamental Attribution error
our tendency to explain other people’s behaviour in terms of internal factors, while ignoring possible external factors
Attitude and 3 criterias
an evaluation of something, such as a person, object, event, or idea
Criteria for attitude formation:
1. There must be an evaluation
2. Settled and stable
3. Learnt through experience
Tri-component Model of Attitudes
the relationship between the affective (feelings), behavioural (actions), and cognitive (thoughts/facts)
Limitation
Often behaviour does not align with the affective and cognitive proportion of our attitudes
Stereotype
a widely held belief and generalisation about a group
Cognitive dissonance
the psychological tension that occurs when our
thoughts, feelings, and/ or behaviours do not align with one another
Ways to reduce or avoid cognitive dissonance
Changing your thoughts to align with your behaviour
Changing your behaviour to align with your thoughts
Cognitive biases
unconscious, systematic tendencies to interpret
information in a way that is neither rational nor based on objective reality
Individuals distort information to think about it in a way that is preferable to
them, to avoiding or reducing cognitive dissonance
Conformation bias
The tendency to search for and accept information that supports our prior beliefs or behaviours and ignore contradictory information
Actor-observer bias
The tendency to attribute our own actions to external factors and situational causes while attributing other people’s actions
to internal factors
Self-serving bias
The tendency to attribute positive success to our internal character and actions and attribute our failures to external factors or situational causes
False consensus bias
The tendency to overestimate the degree to which other people share the same ideas and attitudes as we do
Halo effect
The tendency for the impression we form about one quality of a person to
influence our overall beliefs about the person in other respects
