6A Flashcards
Although any numbering system is possible, ____ are used in electronics and subsequently computers.
two
Binary has a base of ____.
two
Hexadecimal has a base of _____.
sixteen
Why do computers use the binary numbering system?
Because, the digits, 1 and 0, represent a logic situation of
yes/no, or true/false as well as the electronic state of on/off
The modern binary system was devised by who?
Gottfried Leibniz
The modern binary system was devised in what year?
1689
Gottfried Leibniz based his system on
that of the ____ and _____.
Chinese and early Egyptians
Decimal symbols, the numbers 0 through 9 that we use today, are referred to as _________, because the Europeans adopted them from the Arabic form of writing.
Arabic numerals
What is the RADIX?
The RADIX is written as a subscript to a number
The radix is also referred to as the _____ of the number system.
BASE
What does LSD stand for when talking about parts of a number?
Least Significant Digit
What does MSD stand for when talking about parts of a number?
Most Significant Digit
What is the LSD?
The digit that carries the least weight (value) is known as the least significant digit (LSD).
In this course, the LSD can safely be assumed to be on the extreme ____ of the number.
Right
What is the MSD?
The most significant digit (MSD) is the digit that carries the most weight
It is the digit to the extreme ____ of a number.
Left
Although zero has no numerical value, it serves the very important function as a _______ in mathematics.
place holder
The decimal system uses digits _ through _ with _ as the base or radix.
0 through 9
10 as the base or radix
In the binary system, ONLY a _ and a _ can occur.
0 and a 1
The binary system uses the digits 0 and 1, therefore __ is the radix or base subscript that the binary number system uses.
2
A binary string of ____ binary digits, or bits, can represent any of ___ possible values and can correspond to a variety of different symbols, letters or instructions.
8 binary digits
256 possible values
Binary is the method that computers use to “think” but that is very hard for humans to read, so programmers created a special code for talking to computers. It’s called ______________.
hexadecimal code
The hexadecimal number system uses the first ___ Arabic symbols followed by ____ alpha characters to write all numbers.
Ten arabic symbols (0-9)
Six alpha characters (A-F)
Since sixteen different symbols are used, the radix or base is ____.
16
As computers get more sophisticated, programming in hexadecimal is being used less and less. One example of how hexadecimal code is still in use is with _____.
colors
What is an IP address?
Technically, it is the means whereby an entity on a network can be addressed.
An IPVv4 address is made up solely of numbers conventionally written in the form of 32 bits in four groups of eight binary bits referred to as
_____ or ______.
Octets or bytes
The address format to represent a binary IPV4 address in a more user- friendly manner referred to as ______________.
dotted decimal notation
Each 32- bit logical address is divided into two main parts - which are?
Network Number
Host Number
An IP address identifies both the _____________ (device/host) and the _________ to which it is attached.
individual node
network
The network number identifies a _____________.
specific network
The network number must be assigned by __________.
IANA
What does IANA stand for?
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
The host number identifies a _____________ on a network.
specific host (or node)
The host number is assigned by ______________.
By the local network administrator.
Each IPv4 address belongs one of _____ classes of IP addresses depending on the number in the first ______.
Five classes
First octet
What class is 0-126?
Class A
What class is 128-191?
Class B
What class is 192-223?
Class C
What class is 224-239?
Class D
What class is 240-255?
Class E
127 is not included because…?
It is used in a special number called a loopback address.
Only the _____ three classes _______ are used by network
administrators. These are the commonly used classes. The other two, D and E, are reserved.
First
A, B and C
You define the class of an IP address by looking at its _____ value.
first octet value
Class A addresses are used for what kind of networks?
Large Networks
What are some examples of Class A addresses?
General Electric, IBM, and the U.S. Postal Service
Class A Addresses -
A ___ in the first bit of the first octet, identifies this address
class, and the next ___ bits, identifies the network number. The last ___ bits (3 octets) are used to identify the host or node number.
A zero (0) in the first bit of the first octet, identifies this address
class, and the next seven bits, identifies the network number. The last 24 bits (3 octets) are used to identify
the host or node number.
Class B addresses are used for what kind of networks?
Intermediate sized networks
Class B Addresses -
The first ____ of the first octet identify the Class B address and, together with the next __ bits, identify the network number. The last _____ bits (2 octets) identify the host or node number.
The first two bits (10) of the first octet identify the Class B address and, together with the next 14 bits, identify the network number. The last sixteen bits (2 octets) identify the host or node number.
Class C addresses are used for what kind of networks?
Small networks
Class C Addresses -
The first ____ bits (110) identify the address class and, together with the next ______ bits, identify the network number. The last _____ bits (1 octet) identify the node number.
The first three bits (110) identify the address class and, together with the next twenty-one bits, identify the network number. The last eight bits (1 octet) identify the node number.
Class D addresses are used for what kind of networks?
Reserved for multicast (designated recipients) addressing.
Class D Addresses -
The first ____ bits (1110) identify the address class and, together with the rest of the address, identify the network number. Multicast is a membership addressing function that has ___ host field.
The first four bits (1110) identify the address class and, together with the rest of the address, identify the network number. Multicast is a membership addressing function that has no host field.
Class E addresses are used for what kind of networks?
Reserved for research and development.
Class E Addresses -
The first _____ bits (1111) identify the address class and, together with the rest of the address, identify the network number. Octet value ____ is reserved for special use.
The first four bits (1111) identify the address class and, together with the rest of the address, identify the network number. Octet value 255 is reserved for special use.
Private IP addresses allow network administrators to….?
Extend the size of their networks
Any IP address ending in ___ is a special broadcast address.
255
The concept of a private address is like that of a ________________ in an office phone system. Someone who wants to call an individual in a company would dial the company’s public phone number, through which all employees can be reached. Once connected, the caller would enter in the extension number of the person to whom they wished to speak.
private extension
________ is (by convention) the loopback address used in almost all cases
127.0.0.1
IPv4 reserves all addresses in the range 127.0.0.0 up to _____________ for use in loopback testing.
127.255.255.255
IPv6 increases the IP address size from 32 bits to ______ bits.
128 bits
IPv6 address is written one of three ways - which are?
Preferred, compressed, mixed
IPv6 addresses are typically composed of two logical parts: which are?
64-bit Network Prefix
64-bit Host ID
IPv6 addresses consist of _ groups of _ hexadecimal digits. Each group represents 16 bits and are separated by a “:”
IPv6 addresses consist of 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits. Each group represents 16 bits and are separated by a “:”
Where IPv4 text representations of addresses use decimal numbers, IPv6 uses __________.
hexadecimal
The preferred IPv6 form is written using hexadecimal values to refer to the 128-bit numbers in each address segment separated by a colon. It would be written like ___________, where each X consists of
four 16-bit values.
X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X
The compressed form simply substitutes ___ strings with _______ to indicate the zeros are “compressed”. This eliminates long strings of zero.
The compressed form simply substitutes zero strings with double colons to indicate the zeros are “compressed”. This eliminates long strings of zero.
There are some rules to follow when doing compressed IPv6 zero substitutions - what are these rules?
- First, a substitution can only be done on one “section,” or a full 16-bit group
- The double colon can only be used one time in any given address.
- a double colon automatically suppresses neighboring leading or trailing zeros in an address.
Therefore, the above address only indicates one set of double colons as a compressed IPv6 address even though there are two sets of zeros.
Mixed IPV6 Addressing is useful in environments using both _____ and ______ addresses.
is useful in environments using both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
A mixed address would look like __________________, where “X” represents the hexadecimal values of the six highest-order 16-bit components of an IPv6 address, and “D” represents an IPv4 value that would plug into the four lower-order values of an IPv6 address.
A mixed address would look like X:X:X:X:X:X:D.D.D.D, where “X” represents the hexadecimal values of the six highest-order 16-bit components of an IPv6 address, and “D” represents an IPv4 value that would plug into the four lower-order values of an IPv6 address.
What is “The Inspection Method”?
In the inspection method, since you only use four places,
the largest four-digit binary number you can have is, 1111(2), is equal to the largest single digit hexadecimal number, F(16).
The Inspection Method is also referred to as what and why?
8421 - because The Binary Weighted Table for the 4 binary
bits equals 8421, respectively.
What is “The Inspection Method”?
In the inspection method, since you only use four places, the largest four-digit binary number you can have is, 1111(2), is equal to the largest single-digit hexadecimal number, F(16).
According to standards set forth in Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) document ________, there are IPv4 address ranges reserved by the IANA for private internets, and are not publicly routable on the global internet:
RFC-1918
This IPv4 address range are private IP’s for ONE class A network - what is the range?
10.0.0.1 to 10.255.255.255:
This IPv4 address range are private IP’s for 16 class B networks - what is the range?
172.16.0.1 to 172.31.255.254:
This IPv4 address range are private IP’s for 216 class C networks - what is the range?
192.168.0.1 to 192.168.255.254:
What does “APIPA” stand for?
Automatic Private IP Addressing
What is the address range for APIPA?
169.254.0.0/16
IPv6 increases IP address size from IPv4’s ___ bits to
_____ bits.
32 bits to 128 bits
Logical address is also referred to as?
IP address
