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B6- EXCHANGE > 6.9- ENZYMES AND DIGESTION > Flashcards

6.9- ENZYMES AND DIGESTION Flashcards

1
Q

What is the human digestive system made up of?

A

long muscular tube + its associated with glands

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2
Q

What do the glands associated with the digestive system produce?

A

enzymes that hydrolyse large molecules into small ones ready for absorption

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3
Q

What is the digestive system used for?

A

exchange surface through which food substances absorbed

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4
Q

What are the main parts of the digestive system? (7)

A 
oesophagus 
stomach
ileum 
large intestine 
rectum 
salivary glands 
pancreas
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5
Q

What does the oesophagus do?

A

carries food from mouth to stomach

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6
Q

What is the stomach?

A

muscular sac with inner layer that produces enzymes

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7
Q

What is the role of the stomach?

A

store + digest food, especially proteins

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8
Q

What does the stomach have which digest protein?

A

glands that produce enzymes which digest proteins

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9
Q

What is the ileum?

A

long muscular tube

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10
Q

What is done to food in the ileum?

A

food further digested in ileum by enzymes produced but its walls + glands that pour their secretions into it

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11
Q

What are the inner walls of the ileum folded into?

A

villi

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12
Q

What does the inner walls of the ileum being folded into villi give them?

A

large surface area

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13
Q

What is the surface are of the villi of the ileum further increased by?

A

millions of tiny projections, called microvilli, on epithelial cells of each villus

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14
Q

What does the increased surface of the ileum from the villi and microvilli adapt the ileum for?

A

its purpose of absorbing products of digestion into bloodstream

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15
Q

What do the large intestines do?

A

absorbs water

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16
Q

What is most of the water absorbed by the large intestines from?

A

water from secretions of many digestive glands

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17
Q

What is the final section of the intestines?

A

rectum

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18
Q

What is stored in the rectum?

A

faeces

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19
Q

How is the faeces removed from the rectum?

A

via anus in process called egestion

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20
Q

Where are the salivary glands situated?

A

near the mouth

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21
Q

How do the salivary glands pass their secretions?

A

via duct into mouth

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22
Q

What does the secretion of the salivary glands contain?

A

enzyme amylase, which hydrolyses starch into maltose

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23
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

large gland situated below stomach

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24
Q

What is the secretion of the pancreas called?

A

pancreatic juice

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25
Q

What does the pancreatic juice contain?

A

proteases to hydrolyse proteins, lipase to hydrolyse lipids + amylase to hydrolyse starch

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26
Q

What are the two stages of digestion in humans?

A

1 physical breakdown

2 chemical digestion

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27
Q

If the food is large, how is it broken down into smaller pieces in physical breakdown?

A

by means of structures i.e. teeth

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28
Q

What does food being broken down into smaller pieces by the teeth make possible?

A

ingest food + provides large SA for chemical digestion

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29
Q

How is food physically broken down in the stomach?

A

food churned by muscles in stomach

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30
Q

What does chemical digestion do?

A

hydrolyses large. insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble ones

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31
Q

What is chemical digestion carried out by?

A

enzymes

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32
Q

What do all digestive enzymes function by?

A

hydrolysis

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33
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

splitting up of molecules by adding water to chemical bonds that hold them together

34
Q

How many enzymes is needed to hydrolyse a large molecule?

A

more than one

35
Q

How does hydrolyses of a large molecule usually happen?

A

one enzyme hydrolyses large molecules into sections + these sections then hydrolysed into smaller molecules by one/more additional enzymes

36
Q

What are 3 particularly important digestive enzymes?

A

carbohydrases
lipases
proteases

37
Q

What do carbohydrases hydrolyse and into what?

A

carbohydrates to ultimately monosaccharides

38
Q

What do lipases hydrolyse and into what?

A

lipids (fats + oils) into glycerol + fatty acids

39
Q

What do proteases hydrolyse and into what?

A

proteins, ultimately into amino acids

40
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

mouth + pancreas

41
Q

What does amylase hydrolyse?

A

alternate glycosidic bonds of starch molecules to produce disaccharide maltose

42
Q

What is the maltose produced from amylose hydrolyses, hydrolysed by?

A

by maltase into monosaccharide α-glucose

43
Q

What is maltase produced by?

A

lining of ileum

44
Q

Amylase working in humans: saliva (1)

A

saliva enters mouth from salivary glands +t thoroughly mixed with food during chewing

45
Q

Amylase working in humans: what does saliva contain?

A

salivary amylase

46
Q

Amylase working in humans: what does the salivary amylase in the saliva do? (2)

A

starts hydrolysing any starch in food to maltose

47
Q

Amylase working in humans: what else does the saliva contain? (2)

A

mineral salts that help maintain pH at around neutral

this is optimum pH for salivary amylase to work

48
Q

Amylase working in humans: where does the food go from the mouth? (3)

A

swallowed + enters stomach, where conditions are acidic

49
Q

Amylase working in humans: what happens to the amylase in the stomach? (3)

A

acid denatures amylase + prevents further hydrolysis of starch

50
Q

Amylase working in humans: where does the food go from the stomach? (4)

A

after time food passed into small intestine, where it mixes with secretion from pancreas called pancreatic juice

51
Q

Amylase working in humans: what does the pancreatic juice contains?

A

pancreatic amylase

52
Q

Amylase working in humans: what does the pancreatic amylase in the pancreatic juice do? (5)

A

continues hydrolysis of any remaining starch to maltose

53
Q

Amylase working in humans: what does the pancreas + intestinal wall produce and why? (5)

A

alkaline salts produced by pancreas + intestinal walls to maintain pH at around neutral so amylase can function

54
Q

Amylase working in humans: what do the muscles in the intestines do? (6)

A

muscles in intestine walls push food along ileum

55
Q

Amylase working in humans: what does the epithelial lining of the intestine produce? (6)

A

produces disaccharidase maltase

56
Q

Is maltase release into the lumen of the ileum?

A

no

57
Q

Amylase working in humans: what is the disaccharidase maltase part of? (6)

A

cell-surface membranes of epithelial cells that line the ileum

58
Q

As the maltase is a part of the cell-surface membranes of epithelial cells that line the ileum, what is it called?

A

membrane-bound disaccharidase

59
Q

Amylase working in humans: what does the maltase do to the maltose? (6)

A

maltase hydrolyse maltose from starch breakdown into α-glucose

60
Q

What are two other common disaccharides other than maltose in the diet that are hydrolysed?

A

sucrose and lactose

61
Q

Where can sucrose be found in food?

A

sucrose found in many natural foods, especially fruits

62
Q

Where can lactose be found in food?

A

in milk, + hence milk products such as yoghurt + cheese

63
Q

What does sucrase do?

A

hydrolyses single glycosidic bonds in sucrose molecules

64
Q

What does the sucrase hydrolysing sucrose produce?

A

hydrolysis produces two monosaccharides glucose + fructose

65
Q

What does lactase do?

A

hydrolyses single glycosidic bond in lactose molecule

66
Q

What does the lactase hydrolysing lactose produce?

A

hydrolysis produces two monosaccharides glucose + galactose

67
Q

What are lipids hydrolysed by?

A

enzymes called lipases

68
Q

Where are lipases produced?

A

pancreas

69
Q

What do lipases do?

A

hydrolyse ester bonds found in triglycerides to form fatty acids + monoglycerides

70
Q

What is a monoglyceride?

A

glycerol molecules with single fatty acid molecule attached

71
Q

What happens to the lipids first in lipid digestion?

A

split into tiny droplets called micelles by bile salts

72
Q

What are bile salts produced by?

A

liver

73
Q

What is the process of fats being split into tiny droplets called micelles by bile salts called?

A

emulsification

74
Q

What does emulsification do?

A

increases SA of lipids so action of lipases speeded up

75
Q

What are proteins?

A

large, complex molecules

76
Q

What are proteins hydrolysed by?

A

group of enzymes called peptidases (proteases)

77
Q

What are the different types of peptidases? (3)

A

endopeptidases
exopeptidases
dipeptidases

78
Q

What do endopeptidases do?

A

hydrolyse peptide bonds between amino acids in central region of protein molecule forming series of peptide molecules

79
Q

What do exopeptidases do?

A

hydrolyse peptide bonds on terminal amino acids of peptide molecules formed by endopeptidases
in this way they progressively release dipeptides + single amino acids

80
Q

What do dipeptidases do?

A

hydrolyse bond between two amino acids of dipeptide

81
Q

What type of enzymes are dipeptidases?

A

membrane-bound, being part of cell-surface membrane of epithelial cells lining the ileum

B6- EXCHANGE (10 decks)

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