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ECG > 6.8.2013 > Flashcards

6.8.2013 Flashcards

0
Q

J point in ECG corresponds to which phases of cardiac action potential

A

Phase 1 and early phase 2

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1
Q

Action potential of epicardial and endocardial cells

A

Epicardial action potential is shorter because outward K+ movement of phase 1 is prominent in it

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2
Q

ST segment of ECG corresponds to which phase of cardiac action potential

A

Phase 2

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3
Q

Cause of spontaneous diastolic depolarisation

A

Funny channel

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4
Q

Ion responsible for phase 0 of pacemaker action potential

A

Calcium

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5
Q

RMP of pacemaker cells

A

-60mV

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6
Q

ECG marker of sinus node discharge

A

None

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7
Q

Components of P wave

A

First half is due to rt atrial activity,second half is due to left atrial activity

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8
Q

Duration and amplitude of p wave

A

Less than 2.5 boxes(0.10S and 0.25mV)

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9
Q

Duration of QRS complex

A

0.06-0.10S

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10
Q

Normal PR interval

A

0.12-0.20 s

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11
Q

Causes of QRS prolongation

A

Ventricular hypertrophy
Bundle branch block
Premature activation of ventricles by accessory pathway

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12
Q

QT interval

A

Longest QT that can be recorded in 12 lead ECG

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13
Q

Rule of thumb for QT interval for HR more than 70bpm

A

QT interval is equal to or less than half of RR interval

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14
Q

Bazett formula

A

QT interval in seconds/root of RR interval

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15
Q

Normal QTc

A

Men- 0.42s

Women- 0.44s

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16
Q

Prolonged QTc interval

A

Men- more than 0.44s

Women and children- more than 0.46s

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17
Q

Relationship between QT interval and action potential

A

Total duration of action potential

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18
Q

Calculation of QTc,which RR interval is measured

A

Preceding RR interval

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19
Q

U waves are best visible in which leads

A

V2 and V3

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20
Q

U waves and heart rate

A

Visible when heart rates are less than 65

Rarely visible in heart rates above 95

21
Q

Mechanism of U wave

A

Repolarisation of HIS Purkinje system

22
Q

Abnormal U wave

A

When they are equal to or exceed the T wave

23
Q

In ECG phase 4 of action potential is reflected by

A

TQ segment

24
Q

Osborne wave is also known as

A

J wave

25
Q

What is Osborne wave?

A

Marked elevation of j point that results in h shaped QRS

26
Q

Cause of Osborne wave

A

Hypothermia

Hypercalcemia

27
Q

Epsilon waves

A

Notch in the end of QRS seen in V1-V3 in arrythmogenic rt ventricular dysplasia

28
Q

Most upright p wave deflection is seen in

A

Lead 2

29
Q

Measurement of duration of p wave

A

Atleast 3 leads that are measured simultaneously

Leads 1,2,V1

30
Q

Cause of prolonged p wave

A

Lt atrial hypertrophy

Intraatrial block

31
Q

Atrial Repolarisation wave

A

Ta wave

32
Q

Prolonged PR interval

A

The whole 12-lead ECG is measured for the longest PR interval preferably leads I, II, and V1

33
Q

Duration of QRS complex

A

0.06-0.10s

34
Q

Low voltage QRS complexes

A

Tallest QRS in limb lead is less than 5mm and in chest leads is less than 10mm

35
Q

Causes of low voltage QRS complexes

A 
Peripheral Edema
Anasarca
Ascites
Pericardial effusion
Pleural effusion
Obesity
Emphysema
36
Q

Prolonged QTc in bundle branch block or intra ventricular conduction defect of more than 0.12s

A

QTc more than 0.50s

37
Q

QT dispersion

A

Difference btw longest and shortest QT interval

If more than 100ms,predisposition for ventricular arrythmia

38
Q

J point elevation

A

Seen in normal individuals

Due to difference in potentials during early repolarisation and resultant current flow btw epicardium and endocardium

39
Q

Normal ST elevation is seen in

A

Younger healthy males

40
Q

Morphology of normal ST elevation

A

Concave

Seen more prominently in V2

41
Q

Male pattern of ST elevation

A

More than 1mm

Sharp take off of more than 20 degrees

42
Q

ST elevation due to early Repolarisation

A

Associated with j point
Commonly seen in V4
Frequently accompanied by tall and peaked T waves

43
Q

ST elevation with inversion of T waves in precordial leads V3-V4

A

Normal variant

44
Q

Causes of abnormal ST elevation

A 
MI
coronary vasospasm
Acute pericarditis
Ventricular aneurysm
Ventricular hypertrophy
Hyperkalemia
Brugada syndrome
Left bundle branch block
45
Q

Repolarisation of M cells

A

End of T wave

46
Q

Abnormal T waves

A

Notched
More than 5mm in limb leads or more than 10mm in chest leads
Symmetrical
Inverted

47
Q

Causes of prominent U waves

A

Quinidine

Hypokalemia

48
Q

Causes of inverted U waves

A

Myocardial ischemia
Hypertension
Valvular regurgitation

49
Q

Mechanism of epsilon wave

A

Post excitation of free wall of right ventricle

ECG (10 decks)

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