6.8-6.11 calcium homeostasis Flashcards
in addition to regulating blood Ca 2+ levels, interactions between ____, ____, and _____-regulating hormones also contribute to bone growth, remodeling, and repair
osteoclasts, osteoblasts, Ca2+
The _____ ____ is secret by cells in the parathyroid gland and is essential for the maintenance of blood _____ levels
parathyroid hormone, Ca2+
The key single for PTH secretion is a ____ in blood Ca 2+ levels
reduction
PTH works thru 2 general mechanisms
- direct effects on bone cells and in the kidney
- indirect effect so the small intestine
What is secreted from C cells in the thyroid gland when Ca2+ levels are too high
Calcitonin
rapidly lowers blood Ca2+ levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity
calcitonin
how many bones does the average adult have
206
axial skeleton
bones of the skull auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column and the thoracic cage
appendicular skeleton
bones of the upper limbs, the lower limbs, and the two girdles
the term that refers to the two zones where the libs are attached to the body
girdle
the two girdles
pectoral, pelvic
A _____ exists in a bone because some structure, such as a nerve or a blood vessel, passes thru the bone at some point
foramen
if the hole in a bone is elongated into a tunnel-like passage thru the bone
canal/meatus
a depression in a bone
fossa
a rounded projection on a bone, sites of muscle attachment on the bone
tubercle/tuberosity
a sharp projection from a bone, sites of muscle attachment on the bone
process
smooth rounded end of a bone, it forms a joint with another bone
condyle
bones become thinner and weaker as normal part of aging, osteoblast activity slows, osteoclast activity remains constant
osteopenia
loss of bone mass that impairs normal function and can lead to more fractures, causes increased bone fractures and decreased ability to repair
osteoporosis
foramen
large hole
condyle
smooth, rounded end
fossa
depression
process
projection
condyle
smooth, rounded end
meatus
canal-like passageway
tubercle
lump of bone
forms longitudinal axis of body
axial skeleton
creates framework for support and projection of the brain, spinal cord, and organs in the ventral body cavity
axial skeleton
move the head, neck, and trunk, perform respiration, stabilize elements of the appendicular skeleton
axial skeleton
bones are joined by ____, interlocking immovable joints
sutures
only the ____ is attached by a freely moveable joint
mandible
the skull is made of 8 large ____ bones
flat
foramen magnum
opening where spinal cord meets the brain
forms eye orbits and floor of cranial activity
sphenoid
forms roof of nasal cavity and medial area of eye orbits
ethmoid
immovable joint between skull bones
sutures
four sutures
coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous
cavities that light the skull
paranasal sinuses
soft spot in fetal skull where bones are growing toward each other
fontanels
four sinuses
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoidal, maxillary
the only bone that does not articulate with another , moveable base for the tongue
hyoid bone
the vertebral column has 24 vertebrae separated by ______ ______ made of fibrocartilage. it has a fused sacrum a d coccyx
intervertebral discs
each vertebrae is named by its
location
four curves of the vertebral column from superior to inferior
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
number of vertebrae in each of the four sections
cervical - 7
thoracic- 12
lumbar- 5
sacral - 5
c1 ____ holds up and articulates with the head, nodding yes movement
atlas
c2 ___ has a projection up towards the atlas called dens
axis
openings that let vertebral arteries pass through to the brain
foramina
smiling Sid the sloth
cervical vertebrae
small giraffe
thoracic vertebrae
big giraffe, largest and strongest vertebrae, bears body weight
lumbar vertebrae
five fused vertebrae and forms the posterior walls of pelvis
sacrum
3-5 fused vertebrae is aka the tailbone
coccyx
3 holes, narrower cervical vertebrae
atlas
1 hole, wider cervical vertebrae
axis
thoracic cage is made of
the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
seven pairs of _____ ribs called vertebrosternal ribs
true
five pairs of ____ ribs are vertebrochondral ribs
false
last two pair are _____ ribs or vertebral ribs
floating
lies medial to breast and is aka the breastbone
sternum
superior to inferior, 3 parts of sternum
manubrium, long body, xiphoid process
the _____ ______ connects the upper limbs to the trunk and includes the ____ and the _____
pectoral girdle, clavicle, scapula
allows for impact to bone to be distributed across the area and limits the risk of fractures
interosseous membrane
articulates with the femur bone and includes two large hip bones( coxal bones) , the sacrum, and the coccyx
pelvic girdle
each hip is a fusion of three bones
allium, ischium, and pubis
the largest bone in the ankle/foot is the
calcaneus (heel bone)
joints classified by structure and type of connective tissue which binds joints, 3
fibrous , cartilaginous, and synovial
joints classified by functional mobility and degree of motion, 3
synarthrosis, immovable amphiarthrosis, slightly moveable and diarthrosis freely moveable
3 synarthroses joints
suture( connects skull)
gomphosis (binds teeth)
synchondrosis (between ribs and sternum)
no movement at joint area
synarthroses joints
slight movement at joint area
amphiarthroses
two types of amphiarthroses joints
syndesmosis and symphysis
synovial joints with a wide range of motion
dairthroses
ends of bones covered with
articular cartilages
joint is surrounded with a fibrous
joint capsule
what reduces friction in the joint
synovial fluid
additional padding in some synovial joints
fat pads, ligaments, bursae
also act as cushions
fat pads
join bone to bone
ligaments
pockets of connective tissue containing synovial fluid found outside of the joint capsule
bursae
