6.7

Question 1

What happens in non specific immune response
4 steps

Answer 1

1) damaged cells release alarm signals causes drapedisis (cell spreading ) and causes more tissue fluid to be expelled
2)platelets release prevents other pathogens entering the body and there is a reduce in dilution toxins
3)complement proteins are released causes cell lysis
Opsonins attach to bacteria which is used to identify antigens to neutrophils
4)release of leukocytes
Macrophages engulf larger damaged cells,slow phagocytosis breakdown through enzymes

Question 2

Describe the process of phagocytosis

Answer 2

Pathogens enter the macrophages
Endocytosis occurs which causes the pathogens to be surrounded by vesicles
Enzymes in vesicles cause pathogens to break down
The pathogen slowly dissolves

Question 3

Describe the structure of an antibody

Answer 3

4 quaternary proteins held by disulfide bridges ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds
A variable region
A constant region
Specific antigen binding sites

Question 4

Explain the function of an antibody

Answer 4

A protein that is released by a lymopcyte which attaches to a specific antigen to neutralise toxins and lead to agglutination

Question 5

Explain the humeral response of b lymphocytes

Answer 5

1) pathogens enters the body this triggers alarm signaling in cells
2) phagocytosis occurs b cells engulf antigen endocytosis occurs where the pathogen is surrounded in a vesicle and then enzymes dissolve
3) antigen fragments are displayed on b cell attached by the MHC
4) macrophages combine with t helper cell to identify a pathogen
5) t helper cell sends CYTOKINES to the b helper cell
6) causes CLONAL SELECTION producing b lymphocytes which develop into PLASMA CELLS
7)releases antibodies that fight infection
8) memory lymphocytes remember the antigens so that secondary response is fast and can lead to active immunity