6.7

Question 1

What happens in non specific immune response
4 steps

Answer 1

1) damaged cells release alarm signals causes drapedisis (cell spreading ) and causes more tissue fluid to be expelled
2)platelets release prevents other pathogens entering the body and there is a reduce in dilution toxins
3)complement proteins are released causes cell lysis
Opsonins attach to bacteria which is used to identify antigens to neutrophils
4)release of leukocytes
Macrophages engulf larger damaged cells,slow phagocytosis breakdown through enzymes

Question 2

Describe the process of phagocytosis

Answer 2

Pathogens enter the macrophages
Endocytosis occurs which causes the pathogens to be surrounded by vesicles
Enzymes in vesicles cause pathogens to break down
The pathogen slowly dissolves

Question 3

Describe the structure of an antibody

Answer 3

4 quaternary proteins held by disulfide bridges ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds
A variable region
A constant region
Specific antigen binding sites

Question 4

Explain the function of an antibody

Answer 4

A protein that is released by a lymopcyte which attaches to a specific antigen to neutralise toxins and lead to agglutination

Question 5

Explain the humeral response of b lymphocytes

Answer 5

1) pathogens enters the body this triggers alarm signaling in cells
2) phagocytosis occurs b cells engulf antigen endocytosis occurs where the pathogen is surrounded in a vesicle and then enzymes dissolve
3) antigen fragments are displayed on b cell attached by the MHC
4) macrophages combine with t helper cell to identify a pathogen
5) t helper cell sends CYTOKINES to the b helper cell
6) causes CLONAL SELECTION producing b lymphocytes which develop into PLASMA CELLS
7)releases antibodies that fight infection
8) memory lymphocytes remember the antigens so that secondary response is fast and can lead to active immunity

Question 6

What are the steps in the cell mediated response
4 steps

Answer 6

1) pathogen enters the cells
2) Phagocytosis occurs causing the MHC to attach to the antigen reducing an antigen presenting cell
3) T helper cells are activated this releases cytokines this activates the T killer cells which destroys the infected body cells
4) memory lymphocytes then remember the antigen in order to improve immune response

Question 7

Compare and contrast cell mediated response to the humeral response

Answer 7

Similarities
1) both bacteria and pathogens enter the body
2) both produce an antigen presenting cell
And a t helper cell
Differences
1) cell mediated response completely kills the infected cells whereas humerer response kills the pathogen inside the cells only
Cell mediated response are for viruses whereas humeral response is for bacteria protists fungi …
Cell mediated response produces t killer cells whereas humeral response doesn’t

Question 8

What is herd immunity

Answer 8

The idea that when most of a population is vaccinated or immune against a virus there is a smaller amount of people who can contract and spread that virus since the likelihood of two people who aren’t vaccinated to come in contact with each other are very small

Question 9

What are passive forms of immunity

Answer 9

1) maternal antibiotics ( temporary )
2) anti venom by harvesting snake venom and injecting limited amounts of

Question 10

What is active immunity

Answer 10

Natural immunity when your infected and body produces lymphocytes and memory lymphocytes remember
2)artificial vaccinations