6.6.5 balancing conflict between conservation & human needs

Question 1

name 3 successful examples of conservation being implemented alongside development

Answer 1

1. terai region of (south) nepal
2. maasai mara in kenya
3. peat bogs in UK

Question 2

(terai region of south nepal) what is it made up of

Answer 2

• marshy grasslands
• savannah
• forests
  –> many national parks in area

Question 3

(terai region of south nepal) what endangered species is it home to

Answer 3

• bengal tiger
• greater one-horned rhinoceros

Question 4

(terai region of south nepal) what has it been under pressure from over previous 10 years

Answer 4

• expansion of agriculture into forested areas
• grazing
• over-exploitation of forest resources
• replacement of traditional crop varieties with modern ones

Question 5

(terai region of south nepal) what can the forest provide local people with

Answer 5

• sustainable source of fuel
• animal feed
• food
• building materials
• agricultural/household tools
• medicines

Question 6

WWF

Answer 6

world wide fund for nature

Question 7

(terai region of south nepal) who did the WWF partner with & what was their focus

Answer 7

the WWF alongside the Nepalese government in Terai-arc landscape programme focused on conservation of forest landscape as a whole

Question 8

(terai region of south nepal) what did they introduce (WWF & Nepalese gov.)

Answer 8

community forest initiatives
- local people had rights to exploit the forest & the responsibilities to look after it

Question 9

(terai region of south nepal) what did these community groups do

Answer 9

• create forest corridors between national parks essential to dispersal & survival of tigers
• counteracted poachers & illegal felling

Question 10

(terai region of south nepal) benefits of forestry work developing

Answer 10

• diversified on-and-off farm activity
• built entrepreneurial skills
• stimulated small credit & marketing schemes

Question 11

(terai region of south nepal) what did the WWF scheme also introduce

Answer 11

biogas plants & wood efficient stoves to reduce firewood demand

Question 12

(terai region of south nepal) other contributions to terai-arc project

Answer 12

• constructed water holes
• monitored endangered species
• eradicated invasive species

Question 13

(terai region of south nepal) data to prove success

Answer 13

suggested tigers were using corridors & population size steadily growing

Question 14

(massai mara in kenya) what does it have large populations of

Answer 14

antelope & large mammals

Question 15

(massai mara in kenya) what does this area combine

Answer 15

high endemic poverty with abundant wildlife populations that attract tourism

Question 16

(massai mara in kenya) what developed payment for wildlife conservation schemes (PWC)

Answer 16

partnerships between conservancies & tourism operators

Question 17

(massai mara in kenya) what are conservancies paid

Answer 17

paid PWC revenue proportional to area of land set aside for conservation

Question 18

(massai mara in kenya) why are conservancies successful

Answer 18

positive social outcomes alongside positive conservation outcomes

Question 19

(massai mara in kenya) negative consequences of conservancies

Answer 19

• land-owners must move livestock during tourist season = increased stocking densities outside reserve
• land-owners often forced to settle elsewhere
• constraints on how they use their land
• livestock can be seen as problem for conservation

Question 20

(peat bogs in UK) where does peat form

Answer 20

where lack of oxygen prevents complete decomposition of organic matter - usually where it’s waterlogged

Question 21

(peat bogs in UK) significance of peat bogs

Answer 21

undisturbed peat bogs can contain a lot of historical data

Question 22

(peat bogs in UK) what can controlled archaeological digs discover

Answer 22

• reveal info on past landscape/vegetation
• indicate what weather conditions were like

Question 23

(peat bogs in UK) why are they the ideal place for sphagnum moss to grow

Answer 23

over thousands of years, rainfall has washed nutrients from the soil

Question 24

(peat bogs in UK) why do they form some of the UK’s most scarce wetland habitats

Answer 24

peat bog & moss retain moisture

Question 25

(peat bogs in UK) positives of wetland habitats

Answer 25

• support high biodiversity
• feeding & stopping-point for migrating birds

Question 26

(peat bogs in UK) why is peat widely used as compost

Answer 26

due to ability to retain moisture

Question 27

(peat bogs in UK) what has led to the decline in peat bogs

Answer 27

• pressure of expansion in agriculture
• forestry
• landfill
• peat extraction

Question 28

(peat bogs in UK) what does the UK biodiversity action plan (UKBAP) aim to do

Answer 28

conserve & enhance biodiversity via local level schemes

Question 29

(peat bogs in UK) partners UKBAP will work with

Answer 29

• RSPB
• english nature

Question 30

(peat bogs in UK) aims of UKBAP

Answer 30

• identified certain peat bogs in UK for restoration
• end commercial use of peat in UK