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Microbiology McGraw Hill > 6.5: Viral Multiplication in Animal Viruses > Flashcards

6.5: Viral Multiplication in Animal Viruses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Multiplication cycles in animal cells

A

adsorption, penetration/uncoating, synthesis, assembly, and release

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2
Q

How long does viral multiplication last?

A

8 to 36 hours

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3
Q

What is adsorption

A

when a virus attaches to the specific glycoprotein receptor sites of a host cell

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4
Q

Adsorption examples (2)

A

rabies virus attaches to ACH receptors of nerve cells, and HIV attaches to CD4 protein in WBCS

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5
Q

What is host range

A

In adsorption when the range of hosts cells is limited due to needing a specific host molecule

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6
Q

Host range examples (2)

A

Hepatitis B can only infect human liver cells, Poliovirus infects intestinal and nerve cells in primates

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7
Q

What cells aren’t affected by adsorption?

A

One with compatible receptors

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8
Q

What is a virus’s tropism?

A

Its capacity to infect certain groups of cells

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9
Q

Two methods of animal viruses using penetration/uncoating?

A

Endocytosis and fusion into the cell, then uncoating of the capsid into the host

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10
Q

Endocytosis example

A

Herpesvirus

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11
Q

Fusion example

A

influenza and mumps virus

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12
Q

What is synthesis

A

When a virus takes hold of the host’s genetic material and metabolism

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13
Q

What are the two main variations in synthesis?

A

DNA viruses (minus poxvirus) are replicated and assembled in the nucleus, where RNA viruses are replicated and assembled in the cytoplasm

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14
Q

RNA synthesis step 1

A

upon entry the viral nucleic acid starts to synthesize building blocks for new viruses and the +ssRNA gets translated into viral proteins

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15
Q

RNA synthesis step 2

A

the +RNA is replicated into host machinery and then to -RNA which is the template for the create of new +RNAs which are the viral genomes of a new virus

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16
Q

RNA synthesis step 3

A

additional RNAs are synthesized and proteins needed to make capsids, spikes, and viral enzymes are made in the ribosomes

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17
Q

DNA synthesis step 1 (early phase)

A

viral DNA enters the nucleus and transcribes some mRNA which goes to the cytoplasm and gets translated into viral proteins for DNA replication in the nucleus (uses host cells polymerase)

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18
Q

DNA synthesis step 2 (late phase)

A

other parts of viral DNA are made onto proteins to build the capsid and other structures and assembled into mature capsules that are released by budding or integration

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19
Q

Double stranded DNA in synthesis…

A

acts directly on the DNA of the host cell and integrates with it, this can lead to transformation of the host into a cancer cell or tumor

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20
Q

What is assembly

A

when the mature virus is being built in parts

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21
Q

Assembly order of building

A

capsid is laid down to house the nucleic acid; viral spikes are inserted into the host cell’s membrane to pick up the virus after it buds off

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22
Q

What happens during release

A

non-enveloped/complex viruses leave via cell lysis or rupture and enveloped cells leave via budding or exocytosis

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23
Q

Describe budding

A

The nucleocapsid binds with the membrane and buds off, letting them shed without destruction

24
Q

Factors that influence release of a number of viruses

A

size of the virus and health of the host cell

25
Q

A single cell infected by poxvirus will release

A

around 3-4 thousand virions

26
Q

Release of virions has what potential

A

A great potential for viral proliferation

27
Q

What are cytoplasmic effects

A

virus induced damage to the cell that alters its appearance by changing shape, size, or changes intracellular

28
Q

What is a common cytoplasmic effect?

A

Finding inclusion bodies of viruses or damaged cell organelles in the cell

29
Q

What are cytoplasmic effects good for?

A

They can help with diagnosis, one example is when syncytia stops viruses form fusing to the membrane (called respiratory syncytial virus)

30
Q

Cytopathic effect in Poliovirus

A

Cells are killed completely

31
Q

Cytopathic effect in adenovirus

A

cells clump together and partially detach from the surface

32
Q

Cytopathic effect in rabies

A

inclusion bodies called negri bodies accumulate in the cytoplasm

33
Q

What are persistent infections

A

When a virus doesn’t kill the host cell and becomes a provirus; roseola and measles

34
Q

What are proviruses in a chronic latent state?

A

Types of viruses that remain dormant and become reactivated; herpes simplex and zoster viruses

35
Q

How do viruses cause cancer?

A

When the virus goes under transformation and permanently alters the host’s genetic material; called oncogenic

36
Q

Percentage of cancers caused by viruses?

A

13% but higher in developing countries

37
Q

What are ways a virus that can cause cancer can act in animal cells?

A

Directly carry the gene to cause cancer; induce a loss of growth regulation in the cell; cause uncontrolled growth or alterations

38
Q

What are oncoviruses

A

Viruses that can induce mammalian tumors; HPV with cervical cancer, herpes with Burkitt’s lymphoma, hepatitis b and liver cancer

39
Q

What is HTLV-1?

A

An oncovirus involved in human leukemia

40
Q

What is a bacteriophage

A

a parasitic virus that engulfs a bacterial host cell that is very pathogenic; every bacterial species is parasitized by at least one

41
Q

Adsorption in bacteriophages

A

precise attachments using tail fibers

42
Q

penetration in bacteriophages

A

injection of nucleic acid through the cell walls, no need for uncoating

43
Q

synthesis and assembly in bacteriophages

A

in the cytoplasm; new DNA/RNA is replicated and synthesized, viral components synthesized, and cessation of host cell synthesis occurs

44
Q

release in bacteriophages

A

when the cell lyses due to enzymes slowly breaking it down

45
Q

Bacteriophage structure

A

mostly double stranded DNA, can have single RNA/DNA; complex capsid with icosahedral head full of DNA, a central tube, base plate, collar, tail pins, and fibers

46
Q

bacteriophage example

A

E. Coli, t-even

47
Q

What is lysogeny

A

an evolutionary advancement of the presence of a bacteriophage’s DNA in a host cell without undergoing lysis

48
Q

What is a temperate host

A

the bacteriophage’s DNA enters a cell but does not undergo synthesis or replication

49
Q

What is a prophage stage

A

when the host cell’s chromosome has the bacteriophage DNA but is not undergoing lysis

50
Q

What is induction

A

when a prophage is triggered to start viral replication and synthesis

51
Q

What percent of bacterial DNA is estimated to be prophage DNA?

A

10-20%

52
Q

What is a viriophage

A

a virus that can parasitize another virus

53
Q

What is lysogenic conversion

A

when a bacterium gets a new genetic trait from its infecting agent

54
Q

Example of lysogenic conversion

A

Diphtheria, the lysogenic conversion releases the toxin that is harmful

55
Q

What is bacterial transduction

A

when phages transport genetic info from one bacterium to another

Microbiology McGraw Hill (5 decks)

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