6.4 - The Organisation And Specialisation Of Cells

Question 1

What is the level of organisation in a multicellular organism:

Answer 1

• Specialised cell, Tissue, Organs, Organ System, Organism

Question 2

What are specialised cells?

Answer 2

These are differentiated cells and are therefore specialised to carry out a specific function

Question 3

How is an Erythrocyte specialised?

Answer 3

• Flattened biconcave shape, increasing sa:v
• faster diffusion to transport oxygen around
• Do not have nuclei or other organelles for more speakers for the oxygen + haemoglobin
• Flexible to squeeze through capillaries

Question 4

How is a Neutrophils specialised?

Answer 4

• Multi-lobed nucleus making them flexible and able to squeeze through to get to sites of infection
• Cytoplasm contains lysosomes contains enzymes to attack pathogens

Question 5

How is a sperm cell specialised?

Answer 5

• Have a flagella to move
• Have mitochondria for energy to travel
• Has acrosome (enzyme) to break down protective layers on the egg and allow sperm to penetrate, causing fertilisation

Question 6

How is a Palisade cell specialised?

Answer 6

• contain chloroplasts that move for photosynthesis
• Rectangular box shapes for compact packing to form a continuous layer
• thin cell walls for diffusion of CO2
• large vacuole to maintain turgor pressure

Question 7

How is a root hair cell specialised?

Answer 7

• Growing tips have long extensions called root hairs which increase surface area of cell

Question 8

What makes a guard cell specialised?

Answer 8

• Small openings (stomata)

- Cell wall is thicker on one side so the cell does not change shape symmetrically as its volume changes

Question 9

How is a Squamous epithelium cell specialised? (Tissue)

Answer 9

• Very thin because it’s only one cell thick
• allows rapid diffusion
• forms lining of the lungs

Question 10

How is a Ciliated epithelium cell specialised? (Tissue)

Answer 10

• Have cilia that move rhythmically
• lines trachea causing mucus to be swept away
• Goblet cells present, releasing mucus to trap unwanted particles

Question 11

How is the cartilage a tissue?

Answer 11

• A connective tissue containing fibres of elastin and collagen
• Firm but flexible composed of chondrocyte cells e,bedded in an extra cellular matrix
• Prevents damage e.g bones rubbing together

Question 12

How is a muscle a tissue?

Answer 12

• Tissue that needs to contract for movement.
• There are different types of muscle fibres e.g skeletal muscle fibres contain myofibrils which contain contractile proteins

Question 13

How is the xylem a tissue?

Answer 13

• Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals throughout plants
• composed of elongated dead cells
• walls are strengthened with lignin (waterproof) which provides structural support

Question 14

How is the phloem a tissue?

Answer 14

• Vascular tissue that transports organic nutrients from leaves and stems to where it is needed. It is composed by perforated walls (sieve plates)