6.4 macromolecules Flashcards
What are the 4 macromolecules of life?
Carbohydrates / proteins / lipids / nucleic acids
What elements are carbohydrates composed of?
Carbon / Hydrogen / Oxygen
what is the ratio for carbohydrates?
(1 ; 2 ; 1) 1 Carbon 2 Hydrogen 1 oxygen (CH2O)
what is the general name for carbohydrates?
saccharides
What do organisms use carbohydrates for?
A source of energy and structural material.
what are monosaccharides?
monomers of carbohydrates
what is the general name for monosaccharides?
simple sugars
what are examples of monosaccharides?
glucose / fructose / galactose
what is a di-saccharide?
2 monosaccharides
what is an example of a di-saccharide?
sucrose
what is the chemical formula for a di-saccharide?
C12H22O11
What is a polysaccharide?
4 or more monosaccharides
What are examples of a polysaccharide?
Glycogen / Cellulose / Chitin / Starch
What is glycogen?
Quick energy molecules stored in muscle
what is cellulose?
An organic molecule that makes up a cell wall
what is Chitin?
The exoskeleton of insects. As well as the cell wall of fungi and algae.
What is starch?
energy stored in plants
What are the functions of proteins?
Storage / transport / Movement / Structural / Enzymes
What do proteins store?
Food sources
what do proteins transport?
hemoglobin in blood
how are proteins used in terms of movement?
they help muscle movement
how are potreins structural?
They build membranes, grow nails, hair, and horns.
what is another name for amino acids?
peptides
what are amino acids?
monomers that make up proteins
what is a monomer?
2 molecules joined together
how many different amino acids are there?
20
what is a DI-peptide?
2 amino acids
what is a DI-peptide joined together by?
peptide bond
what is a polypeptide
a chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
what is the symbol for polypeptide?
A.A + A.A + A.A + A.A
What is an example of a polypeptide?
An enzyme
what is an enzyme?
a protein
why is the shape of the protein important?
for its function
what are lipids made up of?
Carbon / Hydrogen / oxygen
what does nonpolar mean?
not able to dissolve in water?
Are lipids nonpolar or polar?
nonpolar
what are the functions of lipids?
provide cushion to protect vital organs / stores energy / helps regulate temperature
what is a fatty acid?
monomers that make up lipids
what is a fatty acid made up of?
long chains of carbon and hydrogen carboxyl groups
what is a phospholipid?
2 layers of fatty acid molecules
what do phospholipids do?
they make up the cell membrane and act as a barrier around the cell.
what is triglyceride?
3 molecules of fatty acid joined together by a glycerol molecule
what is a saturated triglyceride?
it has all single bonds. ( butter and red meat are examples)
what is an unsaturated triglyceride?
it has all double bonds. ( olive oil and plant seeds are examples)
what are steroids identified by?
4 fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached
what are examples of steroids?
hormones such as, testosterone, esterogen, and chelesterol
what are waxes?
very long fatty acid chains
what are waxes funtion?
waterproofing and forming protective layers on surfaces.
what are examples of waxes?
earwax / preening gland / mucous gland
what are the 2 types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
where is DNA found?
only in the nucleus
where is RNA found?
the nucleus AND the cytoplasm
what are the functions of nucleic acids?
stores hereditery info / instructs cell to perforn functions / directs the synthesis of proteins
what is a nucleotide?
monomer of nucleic acids
what are nucleic acids made of?
nucleotide
what are nucleotides made of?
sugar / nitrogen / and a phosphate group
what is a polymer?
nucleotides joined together
what are most molecules bonded by?
condensation reaction
what do 2 monomers create?
a polymer
