Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology: Module 6 > 6.4: Cloning and biotechnology > Flashcards

6.4: Cloning and biotechnology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is vegetative propagation?

A

A form of asexual reproduction where new, genetically identical individuals develop from non-reproductive tissues of a parent plant such as its roots, stems, and leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the methods for vegetative propagation?

5x

A

Rhizomes
Stolons
Suckers
Tubers
Bulbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does the rhizomes method occur?

A

Specialised horizontal underground stems that store food and can produce new vertical shoots and roots from buds on nodes along the rhizome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an example of rhizomes?

A

Marram grass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the stolon method occur?

A

Horizontal stems that grow along the soil surface away from the parent plant, with nodes or stem tips that can root to form a new plant upon contact with the ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an example of a stolon?

A

Strawberries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does the sucker method occur?

A

Shoots that emerge from the shallow root buds of the parent plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an example of a sucker?

A

Elm trees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the tuber method occur?

A

Form when the tip of a stem becomes swollen with food, with buds on the tuber surface that can develop into new shoots.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an example of a tuber?

A

Potatoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does the bulb method occur?

A

Form when a leaf base becomes swollen with stored food, and the bud inside the bulb can form new shoots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you cut and grow cuttings?

6 steps

A
  1. Cut a 5-10 cm piece from the end of a parent plant’s stem using a sharp, sterile tool.
  2. Remove the lower leaves, leaving only one leaf at the top.
  3. Dip the cut end in rooting powder, which contains plant hormones that encourage root growth.
  4. Plant the cutting in a suitable growth medium, such as compost.
  5. Place it in warm, moist conditions to promote root development.
  6. Once rooted, transplant the new clone.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is grafting?

A

Joining the shoot of one plant to the gorwing stem and root of another plant
Cut at an angle to increase surface area for adhesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are advantages of cloning?

A
  • Cheap
  • Quick growth compared to seeds
  • Can clone seedless fruit
  • Clones have a desired genetic makeup
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are disadvantages of cloning?

A
  • Low genetic diversity/monoculture so less likelt to be able to adapt to changing selection pressures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is micropropagation?

A

A technique for producing many identical plant clones from a single parent plant through a tissue culture.
It is a type of asexual reproduction on a very large scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the five steps that micropropagation involves?

A
  1. Explant collection
  2. Sterilisation
  3. Culture
  4. Development
  5. Transfer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does explant collection involve?

A
  • Explants are typically taken from the stem and root tips as they have meristem cells
  • Meristem cells are totipotent so can differentiate into any type of plant cell
19
Q

Why does sterilisation occur?

A
  • The explant’s cells are sterilised to remove and inhibit the growth of contaminants such as bacteria and fungi.
  • This reduces the risk of widespread infection and helps to produce healthier crops.
20
Q

What occurs in the culture step of micropropagation?

A
  • The sterilised explant cells are then cultured on a nutrient-rich medium.
  • The medium supplies minerals, sugars, vitamins, and growth hormones like auxins that support rapid cell division and growth.
21
Q

What occurs in the development stage of micropropagation?

A
  • The sterilised explant cells are then cultured on a nutrient-rich medium
  • The medium supplies minerals, sugars, vitamins, and growth hormones like auxins that support rapid cell division and growth
22
Q

What occurs in the transfer stage of micropropagation?

A
  • Fully formed plantlets, complete with shoots and roots, are moved to a growth medium like soil.
  • There, they can develop into mature plants that are identical to the parent plant.
23
Q

What are advantages of micropropagation?

A
  • Produces plants that are genetically identical so there is a reliable inheritance of traits, such as those that produce high yields
  • It can be carried out at all times of year
  • It rapidly produces of a large number of mature plants.
24
Q

What are disadvantages of micropropagation?

A
  • All plants are genetically identical (monoculture) so crops are vulnerable to diseases and environmental changes
  • It may unintentionally propagate undesirable traits
  • It is expensive and requires skilled technicians, making it less feasible on a small scale
25
Q

What is natural cloning in animals?

and examples

A

When animals produce genetically identical offspring using asexual reproduction
An early embryo splits into two genetically identical embryos

26
Q

What is artificial twinning?

4 steps

A

Animal with the desired trait is given hormone treatment to release more eggs
1. Fertilised
2. Eggs flushed out
3. Totipotent blastocysts are split into smaller zygotes in vitro
4. Implanted into surrogate

27
Q

What is somatic cell nuclear transfer?

5 steps

A
  1. Nucleus is taken from a diploid somatic cell
  2. It is injected into enucleated egg cell from another animal
  3. An electric shock is used to trigger mitosis in vitro
  4. The blastocysts can be split (artificial twinning)
  5. Transferred to surrogate
28
Q

What are arguments for somatic cell nuclear transfer?

A
  • Desirable characteristics are always passed onto clones
  • Faster
  • Avoid mating risks
29
Q

What are arguments for somatic cell nuclear transfer?

A
  • Expensive
  • No genetic variability/more susceptiable to disease
  • Cloned animals have shorter lifespans/be less healthy
  • Success rate it poor
30
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

Large scale/commercial use of living organisms for human consumption to produce food, drugs and other products

31
Q

What are the four major applications of biotechnology that effects our lives?

A
  • Healthcare and medical processes
  • Agriculture
  • Industry
  • Food science
32
Q

Food production is a purpose of biotechnological processes. What is an example and organisms involved?

A

Example:

  • Cheese making
  • Quorn aka mycoproteins

Organisms involved:

  • Lactobacillus
  • Fusarium
33
Q

Drugs and pharmeceutical chemical production is a purpose of biotechnological processes. What is an example and organisms involved?

A

Example:

  • Penicillin production
  • Insulin production

Organisms involved:

  • Penicillin (fungus)
  • E. Coli
34
Q

Production of enzymes and chemicals for commercial use is a purpose of biotechnological processes. What is an example and organisms involved?

A

Examples:

  • Peclinase (fruit juice)
  • Calcium nitrate
35
Q

Bioremediation is a purpose of biotechnological processes. What is an example and organisms involved?

A

Examples:

  • Removal of waste products e.g oil spills

Organisms involved:

  • Various bacteria and fungi break down the waste products into less harmful substances
36
Q

What are advantages of biotechnology?

3x

A
  • Quick and easy growth of large numbers
  • Microorganisms can be grown anywhere at any time
  • Can be grown on waste products
37
Q

What are disadvantages of biotechnology?

3x

A
  • Growth conditions are also ideal for contaminating microorganisms so aseptic techniques are used
  • If conditions are not optimal then microorganisms may produce toxins
  • Separation of microorganisms/proteins from nutrient medium and possible contamination are necessary
38
Q

What is a fermentor/bioreacter and why are they used?

A

Sealed sterile, aeseptic units so that the product is not contaminated and the microorganisms are not in competition with other organisms
Used for culturing microorganisms in industry

39
Q

What are limiting factors for growth of bacterial colonies?

A
  • Temperature
  • Nutrients available
  • Oxygen levels
  • Change in pH
  • Build up of waste
40
Q

Why is temperature a limiting factor in culturing microorganisms?

A

Need to maintain the optimum temperature for enzyme controlled reactions such as aerobic respiration

41
Q

Why is the amount of nutrients available a limiting factor in culturing microorganisms?

A

Nutrients provided through nutrient mediu, (usually a liquid broth). The nutrient level will become insufficient to support further growth and reproduction unless more nutrients are added

42
Q

Why is oxygen levels a limiting factor in culturing microorganisms?

A

Needed for aerobic respiration

43
Q

Why is change in pH a limiting factor in culturing microorganisms?

A

This will fall as carbon dioxide produced - this will impact on enzymes involved in metabolic processes such as respiration therefore a pH buffer is used

44
Q

Why is build up of waste a limiting factor in culturing microorganisms?

A

As bacterial numbers rise, anaerobic respiration may occur which can lead to the build up of ethanol/lactic acid which can kill the microorganisms

Biology: Module 6 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions