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biology Y2 > 6.3.1 Ecosystems > Flashcards

6.3.1 Ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a ecosystem?

A

all living organisms and non-living components and their intereaction

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2
Q

what is a population?

A

the number of individuals of the same species, living in the same place at the same time

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3
Q

what is a community?

A

all organisms, of all the different species living in a habitat

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4
Q

what is a habitat?

A

place where organisms live

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5
Q

what is a niche?

A

role of an organism in the ecosystem

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6
Q

what is biotic factors?

A

the effect of other living organisms

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7
Q

what is abiotic factors?

A

effect of non-living components of the enviroment

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8
Q

what are examples of biotic factors?

A

.herbivores feeding on plants
.preditation
.parasitism
.mutualism
.competitions

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9
Q

what are examples of abiotic factors?

A

.temp
.light intensity
.oxygen concentration
.carbon dioxide concentration
.water supply
.pH
.avaliability of inorganic ions
.edaphic features
.atmosphere humidity
.wind speed

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10
Q

what are trophic levels?

A

.place in the food chain
.you can calculate the trophic level by doing num of organisms x dry mass(kg)

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11
Q

what is a producer?

A

fixes carbon by photosynthesis

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12
Q

what is a primary consumer?

A

eats on the producer

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13
Q

what is a secondary consumer?

A

eats on primary consumer

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14
Q

what is a biomass?

A

.mass of living material in a particular food webchain

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15
Q

what are the pros/cons of using dry mass in mass pryamid?

A

.allow comparasion between different organisms(as they have diff water content)
.organism wont survive the process

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16
Q

how do you measure the energy content of dry mass?

A

.by using a bomb calorimeter
.burn the sample in high pressure of oxygen and measure the rise in water temp

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17
Q

what is net primary production? + the units and why we measure by year?

A

.the energy avaliable at each trophic level
.meaured in Kj m^-2 yr^-1
.allows for photosynthetic production and consumer feeding patterns throught the year

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18
Q

what is ecological efficiency?

A

.efficiency which biomass or energy is tranfered from one trophic level to the next(represented by the pryamid of energy)

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19
Q

what is photosynthetic efficiency?

A

.less then 3% of sunlight is converted into chemical energy
.not all light hitting the leaves are being absorbed(reflected, transmitted through the leaf or on the wrong wavelength)

20
Q

what is productivity?

A

rate at which the plants converts light energy into chemical potential energy

21
Q

what is gross primary productivity?(GPP)

A

total quantity of energy converted by plants in this way

22
Q

what is net primary productivity?(NPP)

A

energy which remains as chemical energy after plants have supplied their own needs in respiration

23
Q

what is ecological efficiency?

A

energy or biomass available after transfer/energy or biomass abaolable before transfer x 100

24
Q

how do humans manipulate the transfer of energy in animals?

A

.keeping animals indoors- provides warmth and dont move much so less need for energy transfer

.feeding high protein diet- protein tranfers into muscle mass

vaccinated- prevents energy for immune responses

slaughtered- no waste energy/mass on mature stage of life

25
Q

the nitrogen cycle

A

nitrogen in air –> nitrogen fixation by bacteria(rhizobium and azotobacter) into ammonia(NH3)

nitrogen in air –> nitrogen fixation by lighting/haber process into ammonia(NH3)

ammonia –> nitrites (NO2-) by nitrosomonas

nitrites –> nitrate(NO3-) by nirrobacter

nitrate –> plant protein

plant protein –> animal protein

animal protein –> ammonia via death and decomp by saprobionts

26
Q

what is the haber process?

A

.combines nitrogen from air with hydrogen derivied from natural gas into ammonia(NH3)

.reversible and exothermic

27
Q

what is rhizobium?

A

mutualistic bacteria that live in the root nodules of legminous plants like peas
.fixes nitrogen in air into ammonia(NH3)

28
Q

what is azotobacter?

A

.free living bacteria in the soil that convert nitrogen in the air into ammonia(NH3)

29
Q

what is nitrosomonas?

A

nitrifying bacteria that changes ammonia into nitrites NH3 -> NO2-

30
Q

what is nitrobacter?

A

nitrifying bacteria that changes nitrites into nitrates NO2- -> NO3-

31
Q

Carbon cycle

A

carbon diaoxide in air -> plants via photo
plants -> carbon diaoxide in air via respiration
plants -> decomposers via death

animals -> carbon diaoxide in air via respiration
plants -> animals via feeding
animals -> decomposers via death

decomposers -> carbon diaoxide in air via combusion of fossil fuels
decomposers -> carbon diaoxide in air via respiration

32
Q

what is succession?

A

process by which ecosystems change over time
.occurs due to changes in the envrioment causing plants and animals present to change

33
Q

what is primary succession?

A

occurs on land that is newly formed, no soil

34
Q

what is seccondary succession?

A

occurs where soil is present but no animals/plants

35
Q

what is pioneer community?

A

.they arrive before climax, subject to greater change; low biodiverstity; less stable; low biomass
.e.g. lichen and mosses (fix nitrogen, photosynthersise, tolerable in harsh conditions, weather the rocks to create a layer of humus)

36
Q

what is intermediate community?

A

.when the pioneer species die they add to the soil which is now able to support grasses and small flowering plants
.outcompete pionner

37
Q

what is climax community?

A

.when intermediate species die they add to the soil which is now able to support larger shrubs and trees
.outcompete grasses and flowering plants for light, space and nutrients
.e.g. oak and hichory
.stable state - some domiant species

38
Q

what is sampling?

A

used in order to calculate simpson’s index of diversity

39
Q

randomising

A

.use to avoid bias, take samples at regular distances(5m), generate random numbers to plot coordinates

.10 samples per 100 m3
.count many times to find mean
.avoid recounting the same plant
.sample at different times of day/month/year and weather conditions

40
Q

what are quadrats?

A

used to calculate % cover or the number of individuals of each species(quantitative)

41
Q

what is dacfor scale?

A

.qualitive
.abundent, common, frequent, occasitional, rare

42
Q

belt transect?

A

.use a quadrat every 2m; count num of organisms of each species; use key;use method to avoid recounting; calculate mean; repeat at diff times of day/month/year and weather conditions

43
Q

line transect?

A

.count the organisms touching the line
.not detailed or accurate

44
Q

stratified sampling?

A

.use belt transect; use quadrat at each strata and repeat so it represents the area; every 2m; repeat at diff times of day/month/year and weather conditions

45
Q

keys?

A

use to identify both plants and animal species

46
Q

large animals?

A

look for droppings

47
Q

small animals?

A

sweep nets, collecting from trees, pitfall trap, tullgren funnel, light trap

biology Y2 (5 decks)

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