6.3 the changing structure of urban settlements

Question 1

concentric ring model

Answer 1

• Chicago, Boston
• residents divide themselves into rings due to adaptation and assimilation
• CBD in centre-zone of transition with low quality housing and industry-working class housing-new larger house of mid-class- commuter zone, residential suburbs
• inner is poor, suburb is rich
• assumes isotropic plane
• doesn’t fit polycentric cities
• commuter villages, decentralising technology defy theory

Question 2

garden cities

Answer 2

• Letchworth, Canberra
• solution for problems at beginning of 19th Century: overcrowding, pollution, aim to reduce chaos
• surrounded by green belts prevent outward expansion
• residential areas and commercial would include string sense of community and closeness

Question 3

bid-rent theory

Answer 3

• New York, Manhattan
• commerce is willing to pay the highest rents to be located in CBD
• farther-rent decreases substantially
• able to pay to be near consumer and maximise profit
• industry requires land, space: outskirts
• outermost area attractive for residential use: rents are relatively low as lot available
• poor personal mobility, low income groups prefer inner locations: overcome price by increasing density
• more affluent trade of space against accessibility to CBD

Question 4

Hoyt Sector Model

Answer 4

• Dundee, Iraq, Canada, India, Calgary, Alberta
• sectors extend outwards as city expands
  1. CBD: downtown, high rise, dynamic, historic layers growth
  2. industry: radiating out, transport linkage
  3. high density small houses, pollution, poor conditions
  4. largest, good CBD linkage, more substantial travel costs, better conditions, activities
  5. clean, less traffic and noise, large houses
• doesn’t account for out of town development, physical features, multiple business centres, personal car use
• based on 142 US cities in 1939

Question 5

multiple nuclei (Harris)

Answer 5

• Los Angeles
• develops around a number of discrete nuclei
• over time, activities scatter and modify
• similar activities group together benefiting from agglomeration while some land uses repel others
• attract people from surrounding areas and act as smaller nuclei: gain importance as grow in size and start influencing land value and growth of activities around them
• some nuclei may be long established (villages incorporated by expansion)
• middle and high income house buyers can afford to avoid residing close to industrial areas
• a very rapid rate of urban expansion may result in some activities being dispersed to new nuclei eg new out of shopping centres

Question 6

factors affecting location of activities

Answer 6

• market forces and government decisions
• manufacturing industry: deindustrialisation,urban planning policy, clearance schemes, population movement, constrained location theory:outdated factories, prevent on-site expansion, high lvls of contamination, competition increases prices, size of settlement limited by historical choice
• retailing: suburban CBDs, retail parks, urban superstores, out of town shopping centres, internet shopping and delivery services, decline of the high street
• other: health, education, sport