63-72 Civil Rights Flashcards
Stokely Carmichael and SNCC
Student non violent coordiniating comittee- sit ins which Carmicahel participated in
Carmicahel and CORE
Congress of racial equality- freedom rides, which he participated in
Carmicahel and Balck Power
Popularised the phrase BLack pOwer
Carmichael and Balck Panthers
he joins them for a while but then flees America in 1968
Carmicahel and the Meredith March
debuted the phrase “black power” in 1966
same year as mlk in Chicago which suggests the end to MLK
Why is Stokely Carmichael significant
a good example of how the Civil Right Movement evolved after 1964
1968 olympics
Toomy Smith won gold
John Carlos won silver
the national anthem played and they raised their hands to protest racial inequality in sports
thery protested on the worlds stage and “embarrased” America
they were harrassed an bullied, losing all their awards
Black Power Movement
wanted more than just the vote, which had been achieved in 64/5, they wanted black people to have power over thier own communities.
what were freedom cities
started the project in 1966 and demonstrated against the way local schools in Washington DC were adminstereted.
black power movemnt
what did freedom cities achieve
by 1966 they had won the right to elect their own school boards.
Marion Barry had been apart of SNCC and gained $3million in governement funding to improve policing the community
Black identity
Perhaps the biggest achievement of the Black Power movement was the promtion ot black identity. Slavery had seperated black americans from their heritage. Blacl panthers and SNCC understodd the importance of a new identity and so Stokely Carmichale adopted the name Kwame Ture (out of respect for the Ghanian revolutionary leader)
The afro became a popular symbol of black identity
the terms “negroe” or “colored” were rejected as they were associated with slavery, they refferred to themselves as black
origins of the black panthers
Black power emerged at a revolutionary time, americans were being drafted into Vietnam and questioned why they should not fight at home. They would welcome other revolutionary movements such as the north vietnamese and North Koreans.
the panther was adopted as a symbol because it strikes only out of defence of the aggressor. In this case the aggressor was the police
who formed the black panthers
Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in October 1966
membership of the black panthers
all black
particularly appealed to the urban working class audience
they drew their inspiration from Malcolm X and were critical of civil rights leaders who worked too closely with white people
what did the black panthers do
-did not rely on protection of police and likened the occupation of Vietnam to the occupation of white police in black ghettos
-as a result they organised their own militia, wearing a distinctive uniform of a black beret, blue shirt and black leather jackets.
the party slogan was “Off the pigs!” in rejection of the police
black power initiatives
demand for freedom was number 1
a ten point programme advertised in their own newspaper costing 12c to produce but sold for 25c.
-first initiative was “patrol the pigs” in Oakland Califronia, the police were kept under surveilence to protect African Americans from abusive power. Newton kept law books in his car to question the police.
succes of black patrols
succesful in highlighting police abuses and educating the black population of their rights.
the campaign was exteneded to Richmond and Berkely in California.
the califonrina governemnt tried to ban the patrols but this merely extended thie rpublicity
when Newton was arrested in 1967 a campaign was intorduced called “free Huey” and he was released in 1970
who made up the majority of the black panthers by the late 60s
women, and there was shift to focus on welfare programmes
black panther welfare programmes
Free Breakfast for School Children programme
free health clinics to test for sickel cell and offering contraceptive advice
free Breakfast for School Children programme
eventually would feed 10,000 children
free health clinics for testing for sickle cell
over 200,000 people a year treated and bought attention to the disease.
the governemnt passed the 1972 National Sickle Cell Anaemia Control Act, committing goevernment money to research and treat the disease
liberation schools
free, staffed by volunteers and located in church halls.
The focus was on past achievements of black people to inspire self confidence and identity
why did the federal governemtn see the panthers as a threat
the panthers were standing up for themsleves and the government had grown to used to the non violence of MLK
pushed a left idealogy/revolutionaries that frightened the capitalist government
how did tactics change between the early civil rights movement between 1964 and 1966
1964- non violence and cooperation with white people
1966- self defence and black power
Stokely Carmichale shows this change well
Malcolm X
Born into a struggling family, his father was murdered. Malcolm X dropped out of school at 14. Eventually he wound up in prison where he would join the Nation of Islam, which had a wide support from northen cities like Chicago, Detroit, New york
advocated for armed self defence “freedom by any means necessary”
Malcolm X views on the government.
He was not willing to work with them and thought that he shouldnt have to settle for getting just what the governemnt wants.
Malcolm X views on MLK
thought MLK was naive/ misguided.
called the march on Washington a “farce on Washington”
