6.2.1 Cloning And Biotechnology Flashcards
What is vegetative propagation
Form of asexuzl reproduction in plants at stems roots or leaves
Rhizomes- horizontal stem underground
Runners- horizontal stem above ground
Suckers- shoots from shallow root buds
Tubers- tip of stem swells with food
Bulbs- swollen with stores of food
How to produce a cutting
Cut stem at a plant between nodes using a sharp sterile scalpel
Remove lower leaves, leave one at very top
Dip the cut end into hormonal rooting powder to encourage root growth
Place cutting in compost and place in warm moisture conditions
9nce rooted transplant new slone
What is process of micropropagation
Take small tissue samples from meristematic tissue of plant to be cloned
Sterilise explant taken to prevent growth of contaminants
Culture on a nutrient rich medium which supplies minerals and growth hormones
Divide to form an undifferentiated mass called a callus, transfer to new mediums with specific conditions to encourage root and shoot formation
Once plantlets form, transfer to soil to develop into mature plants
What is somatic cell nuclear transfer
Somatic cells nucleus is removed
Ovum is nucleated
Nucleus from somatic cells inserted into enucleated egg cell via electrocution by applying an electric shock
Cell divides to form embryo and is implanted into surrogate womb
Why do we clone animals
Allows as a control variables for drug testing and disease modelling
Boost numbers of endangered species from limited gene pool
Selective breeding
Used in pharming
Source of compatible stem cells
What is continuous fermentation
Used to produce primary metabolites
Continuously supply culture with nutrients
Large scale production
What is batch fermentation
No added nutrients to culture
Used to produce secondary metabolites
What are the phases in the bacterial growth curve
Lag phase- slow inital growth as enzymes acclimatise to their surroundings
Log phase- exponential growth as lots of nutrients available
Stationary phase- resources become limiting, competition increases, waste accumulates
Death phase- death rate higher than reproductive rate due to lack of nutrients
How to culture on agar
Sterilise equipment via bunsen flame
Dip sterilised innoculating loop into starter culture
Transfer microbes to petri dish containing sterile nutrient medium with a light zig zag movement
Close plates and lightly tape to prevent anaerobic growth
Label plates with microbe and date
Incubate plates upside down
Asses microbial growth by observing colony formation
What are methods of enzyme immobilisation
Binding- bound to insoluble support materials by covalent or ionic bonds
Adsorption- adsorbed onto surface of insoluble support materials
Entrapment- enzymes trapped in matrix
Encapsulation- enzymes isolated by partially permeable membrane
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using immobilised enzymes
Ad
Cost effective
Product is pure
More stable and less likely to denatured
Dis
Higher initial cos5
Reduced enzyme activity
Can be complex
