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Biology Mistakes > 6.2.1 Cloning and bio technology > Flashcards

6.2.1 Cloning and bio technology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is vegetative propagation?

A
  • Production of plant clones from non-reproductive tissue (roots, leaves, stems etc)
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2
Q

How do you produce clones from cuttings? (steps)

A
  1. Take a cutting of a stem of the plant with a sharp scalpel
  2. Remove lower leaves
  3. Dip the lower end in rooting powder which contain growth hormones
  4. Place the cutting in a suitable growth medium
  5. Keep the cutting in a warm and moist environment
  6. When the cutting has formed enough roots it can be planted elsewhere
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3
Q

What are some natural clones in plants?

A
  • Rhizomes (Bamboo)
  • Bulbs (Onions)
  • Tubers (Potatoes)
  • Runners (stolons) (strawberries)
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4
Q

How to perform tissue culture?

A
  1. Undifferentiated stem cells are taken from the meristem or root tips
  2. These cells are sterilised to kill any microorganisms
  3. The cells are placed in a growth medium containing nutrients and growth hormones
  4. The cells divide to produce a mass of undifferentiated cells called a callus
  5. When the cells have divided and grown into a small plant it can be planted
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5
Q

How can plants be cloned in HORTICULTURE? (3 ways)

A
  • Cuttings
  • Grafting
  • Layering
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6
Q

Where can you take cutting from in a plant?

A
  • Stem
  • Root
  • Leaf-cutting
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7
Q

What is micropropagation?

A
  • Cells are taken from a developing cloned plant and are subcultured
  • You can grow a lot more clones at once
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8
Q

Arguments for artificial cloning

A

+ Desirable genetic characteristics in plants (Brambley apple pies)
+ The plant is Rare
+ The plant does not readily produce seeds
+ Less space required
+ Lots of plants grown quickly compared to seeds

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9
Q

Arguments against artificial plant cloning

A
  • Monoculture as they are identical meaning they are all vulnerable to the same diseases
  • Expensive
  • Contamination of microorganisms during tissue culture will cause every other clone to be infected
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10
Q

Natural cloning in animals

A
  • Twins from zygote splitting form two embryos

- Starfishes can regenerate entire limbs

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11
Q

What are the two types of artificial cloning? in animals

A
  • Artificial embryo twinning

- Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)

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12
Q

What are the steps in embryo twinning?

A
  1. Egg cell is fertilised invitro
  2. Fertilised egg forms embryo
  3. Individual cells from the embryo are separated forming many different embryos
  4. Embryos are implanted into female surrogates
  5. Offsprings born are all genetically identical to each other
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13
Q

What are the steps in SCNT (Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer)?

A
  1. A Somatic cell’s Nucleus is extracted
  2. The Extracted Nucleus is inserted into an enucleated ovum (nucleus less egg cell)
  3. This ovum is then stimulated to divide with an electric shock
  4. This produces an embryo
  5. This embryo is implanted into a surrogate mother
  6. A genetically identical copy of the original animal is made
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14
Q

Uses of animal cloning

A
  • Research
  • Agriculture
  • Genetically modified organisms
  • Clone Endangered animals
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15
Q

Arguments for Animal cloning

A 
\+ High yield for agriculture
\+ Infertile animals can still reproduce
\+ Increase the population of endangered species
\+ Clone-specific animals (pets)
\+ Source of embryonic stem cells
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16
Q

Arguments Against animal cloning

A
  • Expensive
  • Don’t live as long as natural offspring
  • Inefficient
  • Reduces variability in the cloned populations
17
Q

Use of microorganisms in biotechnology

A
  • Brewing (yeast)
  • Baking (yeast)
  • Cheese
  • Yoghurt
  • Penicillin
  • Insulin
  • Bioremediation (removal of pollutants using microorganisms)
18
Q

Why do we use microorganisms? (growth conditions, growth, cost)

A
  • Ideal growth conditions can be easily created
  • Short life cycle means RAPID growth
  • Can grow on a range of inexpensive materials
19
Q

Advantages of microorganisms in food culture

A 
\+ No welfare issues
\+ Grow quickly 
\+ High Protein content
\+ Use waste materials to grow
\+ Not dependent on breeding cycles weather etc
20
Q

Disadvantages of microorganisms in food culture

A
  • Other unwanted microorganisms can grow
  • Unappealing to some people
  • Not the same texture as real meat
  • Toxins can be produced if conditions are not controlled
21
Q

What are the two types of fermentation vessels?

A
  • Batch fermentation

- Continuous fermentation

22
Q

What are some risks in culturing microorganisms?

A
  • Contamination

- Mutation

23
Q

How can you culture microorganism using an agar plate? (aseptic conditions) (practical skills)

A
  1. Work underneath a bunsen burner (under flame)
  2. Sterilise the inoculating loop using a bunsen burner and let it cool
  3. Dip the sterilised loop into the bacterial solution and spread it on the agar
  4. Make sure to replace the lid quickly to reduce the chance of contamination
  5. Tape the lid but make sure oxygen can still enter the dish
24
Q

What is batch fermentation?

A
  • Microorganisms are grown in batches
25
Q

What is continuous fermentation?

A
  • Microorganisms are grown continuously without stopping

- Nutrients are put in and waste products are taken out at a continuous rate

26
Q

Importance of maintaining and manipulating conditions to maximise yeild?

A
  • pH (enzyme function)
  • Temperature (enzyme function (maximise))
  • Oxygen (Respiration)
  • Nutrient concentration ( access to nutrients for growth)
  • Prevention of contamination (Less competition for microorganisms more safe yield)
27
Q

What is a closed culture?

A
  • Extra nutrients are not added and waste products are not removed
28
Q

Standard growth curve

A
  • Lag phase (production of enzymes and other molecules before reproduction)
  • Exponential log phase ( optimum condition for growth causing exponential growth)
  • Stationary Phase ( Death rate = reproduction rate)
  • Decline phase ( waste products are high and fewer resources leads to more death)
29
Q

Formula for individual organisms given time and generations

A

N=N(initial) x 2^n

n= generations

30
Q

How are enzymes immoblised?

A
  • Adsorption to inorganic carrier
  • Entrapment in a matrix
  • Encapsulation
  • Covalently bonded to cellulose or collagen fibres
31
Q

Advantages for using immobilised enzymes

A

+ can be reused
+ Product does not contain the enzyme
+ More stable enzymes when immobilised

32
Q

Disadvantages of using immobilised enzymes?

A
  • Expensive to set up

- Reduced efficiency since they are immobilised

Biology Mistakes (6 decks)

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