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Blood and Gas Exchange > 6.2 The Blood > Flashcards

6.2 The Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What does blood transfer

A
  • oxygen
  • nutrients
  • antibodies
  • hormones
  • heat
  • CO2
    • UREA
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2
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells (O2 in the hemoglobin)

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3
Q

Leucocytes

A

White Blood Cells
• phagocytes- eat up pathogens and dead cells
• immune response (B-cells and T-cells)

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4
Q

What does blood consist of

A
  • plasma
  • erythrocytes
  • leucocytes
  • platelets
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5
Q

Right side of the heart

A

Deoxygenated Blood- blood from the body to the heart

  • Superior Vena Cava and Pulmonary Artery
  • Inferior Vena Cava

• Tricuspid Valve and pulmonary valve

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6
Q

Left side of the heart

A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body

  • Pulmonary veins
  • Aorta

•Bicuspid Valve and Aortic valve

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7
Q

Arteries

A

carry high-pressure blood away from the heart

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8
Q

Capillaries

A
  • very small
  • blood moves through them slowly and under low pressure
  • allows for the exchange of substances to tissues
  • between veins and arteries
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9
Q

Veins

A

carry low-pressure blood to the hear

* Valves prevent backflow

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10
Q

Simple structure of arteries

A
  • relatively small lumen and thick walls: to maintain a high blood pressure
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11
Q

More complex structure of arteries (muscles and fibers)

A
  • thick muscular wall and fibrous outer layer help the artery withstand pressure
  • muscles contract to decrease the size of the lumen which helps increase blood pressure
  • elastic fibers stretch which expands the lumen with each pulse
  • after each pulse the fibers recoil which decreases the size of the lumen to maintain a high pressure
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12
Q

Endothelium

A

cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

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13
Q

The structure of capillaries

A
  • smallest type of blood vessel
  • exchange substances to and from the blood
  • Into the blood: waste such as CO2, nitrogenous waste, and UREA
  • Out of blood: nutrients and O2
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14
Q

How do capillaries allow for a short diffusion pathway?

they can fit into small spaces
(no valves)

A
  • their walls are 1 cell thick
  • blood travels slowly at a low pressure allowing for exchange to take place
  • a large number of capillaries and a small lumen (larger surface area allows for a faster rate of exchange)
  • pores between cells (also allow phagocytes to squeeze out)
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15
Q

Basement membrane

A

Thin membrane of the outside of capillary vessels

- permeable to many substances

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16
Q

The structure of veins

A
  • large lumen
  • relatively thin walls
    which allow for a low blood pressure

• walls contain less muscle that in arteries and are less elastic

VALVES are required to prevent the backflow of blood due to the low blood pressure

17
Q

Explain how arteries have been adapted to perform a specific function

A
  • thick walls and narrow lumen allow for high blood pressure
  • large amounts of muscles and elastin fibers
  • smooth muscle contractions propel blood forwards
  • thick collagen and fibers to prevent bursting
  • valves at the exit of the heart prevent backflow
18
Q

Explain how capillaries have been adapted to perform a specific function

A
  • smallest blood vessel
  • small lumen and thin walls allow for a low pressure
  • large number and each has a small lumen which increases the surface area allowing for short diffusion pathways
  • includes pores which allow white blood cells to move to tissue
19
Q

Explain how veins have been adapted to perform a specific function

A
  • thin walls and a relatively wider lumen (low pressure)
  • valves that prevent backflow
  • thin which allows them to be pressed by muscle to pump
  • decrease resistance to flow (lower pressure)
20
Q

Pneuma

A

The ancient Greek word for Breath

21
Q

William Harvey

A

discovered the circulation of blood with the heart acting as a pump

  • blood flows through blood vessels in one direction (which doesn’t change) with valves to prevent backflow
  • blood isn’t consumed by the boy but flows back to the heart
  • the heart pumps blood into arteries and it comes back via veins
  • predicted that there be small vessels between veins and arteries by there were no microscopes yet
22
Q

Double Circulation

A

blood passes through the heart twice on one circuit of blood

  • deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the right atrium-right ventricle-lungs
  • oxygenated blood enters the left atrium-left ventricle-body
23
Q

Myogenic

A

When a cell contracts by itself (no need for nerve impulses)

  • the beating of the heart is due to myogenic contraction
24
Q

Myocyte

A

muscle cell that contracts by itself

25
Q

Sinoatrial Node

A

the region of myocytes that control the rate of the heartbeat

  • wave of excitations are sent from the SA node which causes the atria to contract
  • excitation is conducted to the atrioventricular node
  • passes through nerves to the muscles of the ventricles which causes them to contract
26
Q

The heart rate can be increased or decreased by impulses brought to the heart through two nerves from……

A

the medulla of the brain

27
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Responds to changes in body conditions

- can control the heart rate

28
Q

When you exercise more…. is present in the blood

A

CO2

29
Q

When there is too much CO2 present in the blood

A

chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata send a nerve signal to the SA node which speeds up the heart rate

30
Q

When CO2 levels fall the …… reduces heart rate

A

Vagus Nerve

31
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

Spinal Nerve

A
  • Part of the autonomic nervous system
    Part of the fight or flight reaction, causes muscles to contract and heart rate to increase.
    INCREASES HEART RATE
32
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Vagus Nerver

A
  • Part of the autonomic nervous systen

controls functions of the body at rest

Blood and Gas Exchange (1 decks)

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