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Carbonyl Chemistry > 6.2 Aldehydes and Ketones > Flashcards

6.2 Aldehydes and Ketones Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two important classes of oxygen containing compounds in organic chem?

A

aldehydes and ketones

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2
Q

What are the common oxidizing agents necessary for the MCAT?

A

chromic acid
chromate salts
dichromate salts
permanganate
chromium trioxide
PCC

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3
Q

What occurs in the C=O due to the electronegativity of oxygen?

A

becomes a very polar bond causing it to be an electrophile

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4
Q

What is an enolate ion?

A

resonance stabilized carbanion resulting from delocalization of electrons; negatively charged and nucleophilic

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5
Q

What are the two types of reactions that aldehydes and ketones can undergo?

A
  1. reaction due to acidic protons next to carbonyl group
  2. nucleophilic attack
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6
Q

What are tautomers?

A

two molecules that are readily interconvertible constitutional isomers in equilibrium with one another

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7
Q

What is a nucleophilic addition reaction?

A

attack of a nucleophile upon the carbon of a carbonyl group

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8
Q

How do the bonds change in a nucleophilic addition reaction?

A

pi bond is broken and two sigma bonds form

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9
Q

What are commonly used to perform nucleophilic addition reactions to carbonyl carbons?

A

organometallic reagents

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10
Q

What is the basic structure of an organometallic reagent?

A

R+M-

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11
Q

What are the most common organometallic reagents?

A

grignard and lithium reagents

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12
Q

What is a grignard reagent?

A

made via the action of an alkyl or acyl halide and magnesium metal

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13
Q

What are the two common strategies for protection of alcohols?

A

transforming them into mesylates and tosylates

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14
Q

How is acetal formed?

A

formed when aldehydes or ketones react with alcohols in the presence of an acid

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15
Q

How is cyanohydrin formed?

A

nucleophilic attack by a cyanide on an aldehyde or ketone

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16
Q

What are amines?

A

organic compounds that contain nitrogen and have the general structure R-NH2

17
Q

What are alkyl amines?

A

compounds in which nitrogen is bound to an sp3 hybridized carbon

18
Q

What are aryl amines?

A

compounds in which nitrogen is bonded to an sp2 hybridized aromatic ring

19
Q

What do amines behave as and why?

A

Bronsted-Lowry bases due to the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen

Carbonyl Chemistry (5 decks)

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