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M6 > 6.2 Aircraft Materials - Non-Ferrous > Flashcards

6.2 Aircraft Materials - Non-Ferrous Flashcards

1
Q

What are the advantages of titanium in the aircraft industry?

A

High strength, light weight, temperature resistance and corrosion resistance

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2
Q

What is the weight saving between Titanium and Steel?

A

56% less (But strength is equal to that of steel)

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3
Q

What temperature is the strength of titanium held up to?

A

More than 800°F (427°C

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4
Q

Where is titanium useful for in aircraft?

A

Cooler sections of gas-turbine engines, for cowlings and ba es around engines and for the skin parts of aircraft which may be subjected to elevated temperatures

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5
Q

How corrosive resistant is titanium?

A

Highly resistant

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6
Q

What substances damage titanium?

A

Strong reducing acids such as sulphuric or hydrochloric acid as will chlorinated cleaning solutions

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7
Q

At what temperature must titanium be protected from the atmosphere?

A

1000F (583C) +

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8
Q

How is titanium usually protected from high temperatures?

A

Heat the metal in Argon or helium gas.

Also inert-gas welding

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9
Q

How much carbon and nitrogen does titanium have in its pure form?

A
  1. 1 % Carbon

0. 05% Nitrogen

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10
Q

What tensile strength does pure titanium have?

A

50,000 - 90,000psi

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11
Q

What alloy increases the tensile strength of titanium the highest?

A

Manganese (139,000psi)

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12
Q

What is the highest possible tensile strength of titanium via alloying and heat treating?

A

180,000psi

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13
Q

How much aluminium is commonly used in alloying with Titanium?

A

3-7%

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14
Q

What must the cutting blades be when cutting titanium?

A

Very sharp

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15
Q

What safety equipment must be kept nearby when titanium is being cut or ground?

A

Fire-extinguisher

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16
Q

What 3 things make titanium hard to cut

A
  • Poor conductor of heat
  • Chemical reactivity at cutting temperatures
  • Low modulus
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17
Q

What 5 machining rules should be put in place when cutting titanium?

A
  • Low cutting speeds
  • High Feed rates
  • Plenty cutting fluid
  • Sharp tools
  • Never stop feeding
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18
Q

At what temperature will titanium ignite in the presence of oxygen?

A

1950°F (1065°C)

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19
Q

At what temperature will titanium ignite with nitrogen?

A

1500°F (815°C)

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20
Q

How corrosive-resistant is pure 99% aluminium?

A

Highly corrosive resistant

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21
Q

What is the disadvantage of pure aluminium in aircraft?

A

Its extremely malleable

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22
Q

What two forms is alloyed aluminium produced in

A

Cast or Wrought

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23
Q

What grain structure does cast aluminium have?

A

Very coarse (Brittle)

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24
Q

What is cast aluminium used in?

A

Aircraft wheels and engine crank cases

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25
Q

What grain structure does wrought aluminium have?

A

Compressed and tightened as it is forced into shapes of plates, rods, extrusions or skins

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26
Q

What type of alluvium is most aircraft parts constructed of?

A

Wrought heat- treated aluminium alloys.

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27
Q

How are alloyed aluminium’s identified?

A

4 digit - Aluminium Association of America (AA-Number)

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28
Q

What does the first digit of the AA number specify?

A

Identifies the major alloying element

29
Q

What does the second digit of the AA number specify?

A

Indicates alloy modi cation

30
Q

What does the third and fourth digit of the AA number specify?

A

No special significance

31
Q

For cast alloys what happens to the fourth digit?

A

The fourth digit is separated from the rst three digits by a decimal point, and indicates the form, that is to say casting or ingot.

32
Q

How much lighter is aluminium than steel?

A

3 times lighter

33
Q

How much more conductive is one pound of aluminium over one pound of copper?

A

2 time more electrically conductive

34
Q

How much more energy is required to remelt aluminium than produce it?

A

5% more

35
Q

What types of Aluminium are most susceptible to corrosion?

A

2024 and 7075

36
Q

What is cladding?

A

A thin layer of pure aluminium with 1% zinc on both sides as a means of corrosion protection

37
Q

How thick is cladding on a material?

A

3-5% the material thickness

38
Q

What does the direction of text show in Cladding?

A

Direction of grain structure

39
Q

What are the 9 major allying identification elements in order from 1-9

A

1XXX 99.00% minimum aluminium

*2XXX Copper

3XXX Manganese

4XXX Silicon

5XXX Magnesium

  • 6XXX Magnesium and Silicon
  • 7XXX Zinc

8XXX Other elements

9XXX Unused series

40
Q

What is work hardening?

A

Known as strain hardening or cold working, is the strengthening of a metal by plastic deformation

41
Q

What is annealing?

A

Heating the alloys to an elevated temperature, holding or soaking them at this temperature for a length of time depending upon the mass of the metal, and then cooled slowly in still air or switched-o furnace

42
Q

Where would you find the rate and method of cooling

A

Detailed in the SRM

43
Q

When prolonged forming operations are involved, the metal takes on what condition?

A

Mechanical Hardness. ( which will resist further working)

44
Q

What type of alloys should not be used in the annealed state for parts or fittings

A

Aluminium

45
Q

What is 1100?

A

Aluminium (pure)

46
Q

Should Clad parts be heated quickly or slowly when annealing?

A

Quickly - As longe long exposure to heat tends to cause cladding to diffuse.

47
Q

In solution heat treating alluvium alloys, what mediums should be used to heat it in?

A

Molten sodium or potassium nitrate bath or in a hot-air furnace

48
Q

In solution heat treating alluvium alloys, what is the temperature held at?

A

Within plus or minus 50C

49
Q

What is the time frame for quenching solution heat treated ally alloys

A

10 seconds

50
Q

What are the common heat treated naturally aged alloys?

A

2117,2017.2024

51
Q

How many times can Clad be heat treated?

A

3 times

52
Q

What does these basic temper designations stand for?

A

F - As fabricated
O - Annealed
H - Strain hardened (non-heat-treatable products only)
W - Solution heat-treated
T - Heat-treated to produce stable tempers other than F, O, or H

53
Q

What do these temper designation for heat treated mean?

A

T2 - Annealed
T3 - Solution heat-treated and cold worked
T4-Solution heat-treated and naturally aged
T5- Cooled from an elevated temperature shaping process and arti cially aged
T6 - Solution heat-treated and arti cially aged.

54
Q

What is the weight ratio between aluminium and magnesium?

A

2/3 the weight of aluminium

55
Q

Is magnesium magnetic or not?

A

Not

56
Q

What gas fire extinguisher should be used on magnesium?

A

Argon or Helium

57
Q

When heat soaking magnesium over 18 hours, how thick should it be?

A

2” +

58
Q

What should magnesium never be heat soaked in?

A

Salt bath

59
Q

What does GLARE stand for?

A

Glass Reinforced Laminate

60
Q

What family does GLARE belong to?

A

Fibre Metal Laminates

61
Q

What type of cycle is a laminate produced?

A

Autoclave Curing Cycle

62
Q

What ways can GLARE be tailored in regards to its make-up?

A

Number of Layers

Direction of Fibres

63
Q

How many standard GLARE grades are there?

A

6

64
Q

What is the thickness range go Glare laminate aluminium layers?

A

0.2-0.5mm

65
Q

What does Glare 4B-4/3-0.4 mean?

A
  • A Glare laminate with bre orientation according to the Glare 4B de nition in the table opposite
  • 4 layers of aluminium and 3 bre layers
  • An aluminium layer thickness of 0.4 mm
66
Q

Where are the most important applications of Glare?

A

fuselage skin structures of the Airbus A380, aircraft cargo bay oors and liners, aircraft cargo explosive resistant containers.

67
Q

What are the advantageous properties of FML’s?

A
  • Fatigue resistant
  • Damage tolerant
  • Impact and blast resistant
  • Fire resistant
  • Thermal isolation
68
Q

Where is Glare Used?

A

Leading Edge
Blast Resistant Containers
Cargo Floor

M6 (4 decks)

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