Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BRS 6: Cardiovascular And Respiratory Medicine > 6.16: Control of lung function > Flashcards

6.16: Control of lung function Flashcards

1
Q

5 regions of the cardiovascular centre of the medulla

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The dorsal respiratory group is responsible for

A

Controlling inspiration
Set the rate of inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The ventral respiratory group is responsible for

A

Expiratory centre
Inactive during quiet breathing
Inhibit apneustic centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function of the apneustic centre

A

Stimulates activity in DRG
Inhibited by pulmonary afferents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Function of the pneumotaxic centre

A

Inspiratory off switch
Regulates depth and frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Two types of respiratory groups

A

Dorsal -inspire
Ventral - expire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Role between dorsal and ventral groups

A

Inhibit one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What nerve is the main cause for breathing Innervation and it’s origins

A

Phrenic nerve
C3/4/5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is the dorsal respiratory group located?

A

Dorsomedial medulla in the ventrolateral nucleus of the solitary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is the apneustic centre located?

A

Lower part of the pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is the pneumotaxic centre located?

A

Upper part of the pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What effect does the pneumotaxic centre have on the dorsal respiratory group?

A

Inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What effect does the apneustic centre have on the dorsal respitatory group?

A

Stimulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What effect does the dorsal respiratory group have on the ventral respiratory group?

A

Inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What effect does the ventral respiratory group have on the DRG and AC?

A

Inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Do action potentials at a low frequency stimulate the AC or the PC?

A

AC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When the action potentials fire at a higher frequency, are the AC or PC stimulated?

A

PC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What effect does the PC have on the action potentials and what is this effect followed by?

A

Causes a cessation (stop)

Follwed by a period of latency before the AC then stimulates the DRG again to increase the action potential frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What motor and sensory innnervation does the phrenic nerve provide?

A

Motor Innervation to the diaphragm
Sensation to the central tendon aspect of the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What action do the external intercostal muscles contribute to?

A

Inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What action do the internal intercostal muscles contribute to?

A

Expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

If there are gaps in the capillaries of normal circulation, then why are they described as ‘continuous’?

A

These gaps between capillary endothelial cells are filled with H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the blood brain barrier and why is it important?

A

The purpose of the blood-brain barrier is to protect against circulating toxins or pathogens that could cause brain infections, while at the same time allowing vital nutrients to reach the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is the blood brain barrier considered to have continuous capillaries?

A

Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells formed by nervous cells to prevent unnecessary leakage of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Is dissolved carbon dioxide able to pass through the lipid bilayer and therefore the blood brain barrier (BBB)?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does this CO2 that is now in the CSF as it crossed the BBB from the capillaries, initiate activation of the DRG?

A

CO2 reacts with water to form a carbonate ion (HCO3-) and a proton
Protons enter the medulla and interact with the afferent fibres in medulla
These take signal straight to dorsal respiratory group to be able to determine what type of rate and rhythm should be created

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where are irritant receptors found?

A

Embedded within and beneath airway epithelium (larynx, trachea, bronchi, and intrapulmonary airways)

28
Q

What is the role of the irritant receptor?

A

Detects foreign mattter

Leads to cough which involves forceful expiration against a closed glottis with sudden glottal opening and high velocity expulsion of air

29
Q

Where are pulmonary stretch receptors found?

A

Past the secondary bronchi

30
Q

How are stretch receptors activated?

A

Excessive inflation of lungs

31
Q

What do the stretch receptors do once they are activated?

A

Send afferent signals to respiratory centres and stimulate pneumotaxic VRG
Inhibit inspiration and stimulate expiration

32
Q

Where are J-receptors found

A

Alveolar walls in close proximity to the capillaries

33
Q

What is the role of a J-receptor?

A

Because of their location they respond readily to chemicals in pulmonary circulation, distension of pulmonary capillary walls and accumulation of interstitial fluid
Increases breathing frequency as a response to these factors send action potentials via vagus nerve leading to bronchoconstriction and increased respiratory rate

34
Q

What happens when you reach the CO2 threshold for breathing?

A

Accumulation of H+ beyond the blood brain barrier activates the DRG - the struggle phase

35
Q

What happens when you reach the O2 threshold for blackout?

A

You blackout

36
Q

What happens to the 3D structure of proteins if the level of acidity of the blood is not tightly regulated enough?

A

It is altered -> denatured

37
Q

Is a base anionic or cationic?

A

Anionic, also a molecule that reversibly binds to protons

38
Q

Why does an acid have a low pH compared to a base?

A

It dissociates with H+, which creates a decreased pH as the higher the concentration of H+, the lower the pH

Whereas a base binds to the H+ and would decrease the concentration

39
Q

What is the formula for calculating pH

A

-log10[H+]

40
Q

What is the difference between alkalaemia and alkalosis?

A

Alkalaemia refers to a higher-than-normal blood pH, whereas alkalosis describes the circumstances that will decrease [H+] and increase pH

41
Q

What is meant by a ventilatory disturbance and how is this corrected?

A

Minor change in breathing that changes the pH which is then corrected by the kidneys which are slow responses

42
Q

What is meant by a metabolic disturbance and how is this corrected?

A

Any non-lung cause of a change in the pH that is subsequently corrected for by the lungs which are fast responses

43
Q

What type of reaction is required to correct acidosis?

A

Alkolitic response

44
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors found?

A

Bifurcation of carotid arteries in region called carotic bodies in the carotid sinus and aortic bodies in the aortic arch

They are found very close to the baroreceptors

45
Q

What is the role of the peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

To stimulate breathing in response to hypoxia

46
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for the emotional responses?

A

Limbic system - composed of the hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus

47
Q

How can the movement of a muscle lead to an increase in breathing?

A

Efferents from pirmary motor cortex to gross skeletal musculature partly innervates medulla by sending volitional instructions to it as it will inevitably be necessary

Proprioceptive afferents from muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs also innervate medulla on way to brain

Demonstrated by cycling someone’s legs

48
Q

What is the cold shock ventilator response?

A

Immersion in cold water (<10 degrees Celsius) causes a large and fast fall in skin temperature, detected by the superficial sensory nerve endings in the skin which evokes muscle spasms and hyperventilation

49
Q

Which the respiratory center coordinates a response to prevent pulmonary damage seondary to over‐inflation?

A

Pneumotaxic centre

50
Q

Which receptors are most likely to identify the inhalation of smoke in a house fire?

A

Irritant receptors

51
Q

Which anatomical structure(s) create the primary drive to breathe?

A

Specialised medullary/pontine nucleii

52
Q

How many respiratory nuclei are found in the medulla oblongata

A

Four

53
Q

What center and group control inspiration

A

Dorsal respiratory group
Apneustic center

54
Q

What group and centre is responsible for expiration

A

Ventral respiratory group
Pneumotaxic center

55
Q

What kind of pattern does a respiratory pacemaker display

A

Ramp potential

56
Q

6 stimuli of inspiration

A

Central H+ concentration
Juxtacapillary oedema
Motor control
Limbic system
Peripheral O2 concentration
Peripheral proprioceptors and skin thermoreceptors

57
Q

3 stimuli of Expiration

A

Airway stretch receptors
Limbic system
Motor control

58
Q

What receptors stimulate coughing

A

Airway irritant receptors

59
Q

What is blood pH tightly regulated between

A

7.35-7.45

60
Q

Words ending in -osis refer to

A

Conditions precipitating a changing pH

61
Q

Words ending in -aemia refer to

A

Blood conditions at a snapshot in time

62
Q

Relationship between pH and proton concentration

A

Inversely and logarithmically proportional

63
Q

What is bloods ability to buffer acid like

A

Rapid and enormous

64
Q

Two types of pH disturbances

A

Respiratory
Metabolic

65
Q

Relationship between compensatory responses and the original aetiology

A

Response Usually opposite of original

BRS 6: Cardiovascular And Respiratory Medicine (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions