6.1.2 Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards
Define phenotype.
The expression of an organism’s genetic constitution e.g. low metabolism, combined with its interaction with the environment e.g. diet.
How can meiosis bring about genetic variation?
● Random arrangement of chromosomes during lining up.
● Crossing over of chromatids before the first division.
How does random fertilisation bring about genetic
variation?
Gametes are haploid cells, meaning they only contain half of a person’s DNA. As this is determined by meiosis, every gamete contains different DNA. Therefore the same two individuals can produce genetically different offspring.
Define monogenic inheritance.
Where one phenotypic characteristic is controlled by a single gene.
Define dihybrid inheritance.
Where two phenotypic characteristics are determined by two different genes present on two different chromosomes at the same time.
What is meant by sex-linkage?
Where an allele is located on one of the sex chromosomes, meaning its expression depends on the sex of the individual.
What is meant by multiple alleles?
A gene with more than two alleles.
What is meant by codominant alleles?
Two dominant alleles that both contribute to the phenotype, either by showing a blend of both characteristics, or the characteristics appearing together.
What is meant by autosomal linkage?
Where two or more genes are located on the same (non-sex) chromosome. In this case, only one homologous pair is needed for all four alleles to be present. For genes that aren’t linked, two homologous pairs are needed.
What is meant by epistasis?
Where two non-linked genes interact, with one gene either masking or suppressing the other gene.
What is the chi-squared test?
A statistical test to find out whether the difference between observed and expected data is due to chance or a real effect. Can be used to compare expected phenotypic ratios with observed ratios.
How is a chi-squared test performed?
The formula results in a number, which is then compared to a critical value (for the corresponding degrees of freedom). If the number is greater than or equal to the critical value, we conclude there is no significant difference and the results occured due to chance.
How can the number of genes coding for a
characteristic influence variation?
● Discontinuous variation= characteristic determined by one gene (monogenic inheritance)
● Continuous variation= characteristic determined by more than one gene (polygenic inheritance)
What is stabilising selection?
Occurs when environmental conditions stay the same. Individuals closest to the mean are favoured, and any new characteristics are selected against. Results in low diversity.
What is directional selection?
Occurs when environmental conditions change. Individuals with phenotypes suited to the new conditions will survive and pass on their genes. Over time the mean of the population will move towards these characteristics.