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Physics Spec :( > 6.1.1 - Energy Changes In A System, And The Ways Energy Is Stored Before/after Such Changes > Flashcards

6.1.1 - Energy Changes In A System, And The Ways Energy Is Stored Before/after Such Changes Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a system

A

An object or group of objects

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2
Q

What happens to energy when a system changes

A

The way energy is stored changes

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3
Q

How does the way energy’s stored change when an object is projected upwards

A

Energy transfers from the kinetic energy store to the gravitational potential energy store

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4
Q

How does the way energy’s stored change when a moving object hits an obstacle

A

Energy transfers from the kinetic energy store to the surrounding energy stores

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5
Q

How does the way energy is stored change when an object is accelerated by a constant force

A

Energy transfers from the chemical energy store to the kinetic energy store

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6
Q

How does the way energys stored change when a veichle slows down

A

Energy transfers from the kinetic energy store to the thermal energy store of the surroundings

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7
Q

How does the way energy’s stored change when bringing water to boil in a electric kettle

A

The thermal energy of the kettles heating is transferred to the thermal energy store of the water

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8
Q

What’s the equation for a change in energy when a systems changed by heating

A
  • Change in thermal energy when= mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change
  • ∆E = m x c x ∆θ
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9
Q

What is the change in thermal energy measured in (∆E)

A

Joules (J)

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10
Q

What is the mass measured in (m)

A

Kilograms (kg)

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11
Q

What’s the specific heat capacity measured in (c)

A

Joules per kilogram per degree Celsius ( J/kg °C )

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12
Q

What’s the temperature change measured in (∆θ)

A

Degrees Celsius (°C)

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13
Q

What’s the equation for the change in energy when a systems changed is changed by work done by forces

A
  • Work done = force x distance
  • W = F x s
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14
Q

What’s work done measured in (W)

A

Joules ( J )

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15
Q

What’s force measured in (F)

A

Newtons (N)

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16
Q

What’s distance measured in (s)

A

Metres (m)

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17
Q

What’s the equation for calculating the change in energy energy when a systems changes by work done when a current flows

A
  • work done = charge x voltage
  • W = Q x V
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18
Q

What’s work done when measured in (W)

A

Joules ( J )

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19
Q

What’s charge measured in (Q)

A

Coulombs (C)

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20
Q

What’s voltage measured in

A

Volts (V)

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21
Q

Kinetic energy equation

A
  • kinetic energy = 1/2 x mass x speed²
  • Ek = 1/2 x m x v²
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22
Q

What’s kinetic energy measured in (Ek)

A

Joules ( J )

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23
Q

What’s mass measured in (m)

A

Kilograms (kg)

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24
Q

What’s speed² measured in (mv²)

A

Metres per second² (m/s²)

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25
Q

Elastic potential energy equation

A
  • elastic potential energy store= 1/2 x spring constant x extension²
  • EPE = 1/2 x k x e²
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26
Q

What’s elastic potential energy measured in (EPE)

A

Joules ( J )

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27
Q

What’s spring constant measured in (k)

A

Newtons per metre (N/m)

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28
Q

What’s extension measured in (e)

A

Metres (m)

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29
Q

What’s the gravitational potential energy equation

A
  • gravitational potential energy = mass x gravitational field strength x height
  • gpe = m x g x h
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30
Q

What’s gravitational potential energy measured in (gpe)

A

Joules ( J )

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31
Q

What’s mass measured in (m)

A

Kilograms (kg)

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32
Q

What’s gravitational field strength measured in (g)

A

Newtons per kilogram (N/kg)

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33
Q

What’s height measured in (h)

A

Metres (m)

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34
Q

What’s specific heat capacity of a substance

A

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of the substance by 1 degree Celsius

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35
Q

How do you determine the specific heat capacity of one or more materials (practical)

A

1) measure the mass of the material using a balance
2) put the thermometer into the material and add a drop of water after to the hole to remove the air gap
3) measure the starting temp
4) insert the heater into the material, turn it on, start the timer
5) record the current/voltage
6) record the temp every minute for 10 mins
7) calculate the power of the heater (P=IV)
8) calculate the energy transferred by the heater (E=Pt)
9) plot a graph of temp against energy transferred

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36
Q

What’s the independent variable for the specific heat capacity practical

A

Work done

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37
Q

Dependant variable for specific heat capacity practical

A
  • temp change
  • current
  • voltage
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38
Q

Control variable for specific heat capacity practical

A
  • mass of material
  • time
  • room temp
  • insulation
  • heater
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39
Q

Risks of specific heat capacity practical

A
  • heater
  • glass thermometer
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40
Q

Potential errors of specific heat capacity practical

A
  • air gap between thermometer + sides of hole in material
  • not all electrical energy supplied to heater is transferred to block - some dissipated to surroundings
  • random error using thermometer
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41
Q

Improvements for specific heat capacity practical

A
  • add a few drops of water to hole to get better contact between thermometer + material
  • wrap material in insulation to minimise heat loss to the room
  • repeat investigation + calculate average
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42
Q

What’s power

A

The rate at which energy is transferred OR the rate at which work is done

43
Q

What are the 2 power equations

A

1) power = energy transferred / time
- P = E / t

2) power = work done / time
- P = W / t

44
Q

What’s power measured in (P)

A

Watts (W)

45
Q

What’s energy transferred measured in (E)

A

Joules ( J )

46
Q

What’s time measured in (t)

A

Seconds (s)

47
Q

What’s work done measured in (W)

A

Joules ( J )

48
Q

What does 1 watt equal

A

1 joule of energy transferred per second

49
Q

Two identical cars (except their engine power) race the same distance. Who will reach the finish line faster?

A

The car with the more powerful engine - it’ll transfer the same amount of energy but over less time

50
Q

Can energy be created or destroyed

A

No

51
Q

Energy can be…..

A

Transferred usefully, stored or dissipated

52
Q

What happens to some of the enrgy when you transfer it between stores

A

Some energys dissipated (wasted) into energy stores that arent useful

53
Q

When you use a phone where is the energy usefully transferred from

A

From the chemical energy stores of the battery in the phone

54
Q

When you se a phone where does some of the wasted energy go

A

Wasted energy goes to the thermal energy store

55
Q

When a cold spoons dropped into an insulated flask of hot soup what does this form

A

A closed system

56
Q

Where is energy transferred from in the soup

A

From the thermal energy store of the soup to the useless thermal energy store of the spoon

57
Q

Why is the net change in energy 0 when the soup transfers energy

A

Energy transfers have occurred within the system but no energys left it

58
Q

What does lubrication reduce

A

Frictional force

59
Q

What does insulation reduce

A

The rate of energy transfer by heating

60
Q

The higher the thermal conductivity the higher the….

A

Rate of energy transfer by conduction across the material

61
Q

What makes a building cool more slowly

A

Thicker walls and the lower their thermal conductivity the slower the rate of energy transfer will be

62
Q

Efficiency equation

A

Useful output/total input

63
Q

How to improve efficiency

A

Insulating objects, lubricaiting objects, make objects more streamlined

64
Q

What’s the main energy resources for use on earth

A

Fossil fuels
nuclear fuel
bio-fuel
wind
hydroelectricity
geothermal
the tides
the sun
water waves

65
Q

The main Fossil fuels

A

Coal, oil, gas

66
Q

What’s a renewable energy source

A

One thats being (or can be) replenished as its used

67
Q

What are the uses of energy resources

A

Transport
Electricity generation
Heating

68
Q

What are fossil fuels

A

Natural resources formed underground

69
Q

features of a fossil fuel and nuclear fuel

A
  • will run out one day
  • damage the environment
  • reliable
70
Q

Are fossil fuels and nuclear fuel renewable or non-renewable

A

Non-renewable

71
Q

Are solar, wind, waves, hydroelectricity, bio-fuel, tides, geothermal renewable or non-renewable

A

Renewable

72
Q

Features of renewable energy resources

A
  • never run out
  • do damage the environment but less than non-renewable energy resources
  • dont provide as much energy
  • some can be unreliable as they depend on weather
73
Q

Non-renewable enrgy resources in transport

A
  • petrol and diesel powered veichles use fuel created from oil
  • coal is used in some steam trains yo boil water to produce steam
74
Q

Renewable energy resources in transport

A

Veicheles that run on pure bio-fuel or a mix of bio-fuel and petrol/diesal

75
Q

Non-renewable energy resources in heating

A
  • natural gas - heats water thats pumped into radiators throughout the home
  • coal to burn fireplaces
  • electric heaters - use electricity generated from non-renewable energy resources
76
Q

Renewable energy resources in heating

A
  • geothermal heat pump - uses geothermal energy resources to heat buildings
  • solar water heaters - use the sun to heat water thats pumped into radiators in a building
  • burning bio-fuel/using electricity generated from renewable energy resources
77
Q

What energy store is wind energy

A

Kinetic

78
Q

Whens wind energy used

A

Electricity generation

79
Q

What is the power output for wind energy like

A

Very low

80
Q

What impact does wind energy have on the environment

A

Takes up large areas that could be used for farming
Noisy
Ugly

81
Q

What type of energy store is solar energy

A

Nuclear

82
Q

What is solar energy used for

A

Electricity generation and heating

83
Q

What’s the power output for solar energy

A

Dependant on the weather
Only available during daylight

84
Q

Does solar energy have much impact on the environment

A

Theres little to none

85
Q

What type of energy store is geothermal energy

A

Thermal

86
Q

What is geothermal energy used for

A

Electricity generation and heating

87
Q

What’s the power output for geothermal energy like

A

Medium

88
Q

Does geothermal energy have an impact on the environment

A

It only does little damage

89
Q

What type of energy store is hydroelectricity energy

A

Gravitational potential

90
Q

What’s hydroelectricity energy used for

A

Electricity generation

91
Q

What’s the power output like for hydroelectricity energy

A

Medium

92
Q

What imaapct on the environment does hydroelectricity have

A

Local habitats may be lost by large areas that need to be flooded to build dams

93
Q

What type of energy store is wave enrgy

A

Kinetic

94
Q

What is wave energy used for

A

Electricity generation

95
Q

What is the wave energy power output like

A

Low

96
Q

What is the wave energys impact on the environment like

A

Very low

97
Q

What type of energy store are fossil fuels

A

Chemical

98
Q

What are fossil fuels used for

A

Transport, heating and electricity generation

99
Q

What is the power output for fossil fuels like

A

High

100
Q

What is the impact on environment by fossil fuels

A

Realaese carbon dioxide (causes global warming)

101
Q

What type of energy store is nuclear energy

A

Nuclear

102
Q

What is nuclear energy used for

A

Electricity generation

103
Q

What is the power output for nuclear energy like

A

Very high

104
Q

What impcto the environment does nuclear energy have

A

Radioactive waste (must be disposed of safely)

Physics Spec :( (2 decks)

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