6.1.1 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

Question 1

Nitration of benzene

Answer 1

Reagents: HNO3/H2SO4 + heat
Electrophile: NO2+, formed by loss of water from nitric acid

Question 2

Sulfonation of benzene

Answer 2

Reagents: H2SO4 or SO3/H2SO4 + heat
Electrophile: SO3

Question 3

Halogenation of benzene

Answer 3

Reagents: FeCl3 or AlCl3
Electrophile: Cl+, formed by Lewis acid or removing Cl-
Reagents: FeBr3 or AlCl3 under reflux
Electrophile: Br+, formed by Lewis acid or removing Br-

Question 4

Alkylation of benzene

Answer 4

Reagents: R-Cl/AlCl3 under reflux
R-OH/H+
C=C/H+
Electrophile: R+

Question 5

Alcylation of benzene

Answer 5

Reagents: RCOCl / AlCl3
RCO2COR / AlCl3 under reflux
Electrophile: RCO+