6.1 periodic motion Flashcards
What is periodic motion?
Periodic motion is motion that repeats itself at regular intervals of time.
Give an example of periodic motion.
The swinging of a pendulum is an example of periodic motion.
What is the period of motion?
The period is the time taken for one complete cycle of motion.
Define frequency in the context of periodic motion.
Frequency is the number of cycles of motion that occur in one second.
What is the relationship between period and frequency?
Frequency is the reciprocal of the period; frequency = 1/period.
What unit is used to measure frequency?
Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz).
True or False: The period of a motion can change if the amplitude changes.
False.
What is amplitude in the context of periodic motion?
Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position.
In simple harmonic motion (SHM), how is the restoring force related to displacement?
In SHM, the restoring force is directly proportional to the negative displacement.
What is the formula for the period of a simple pendulum?
The period T = 2π√(l/g), where l is the length of the pendulum and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
What is the significance of the equilibrium position in periodic motion?
The equilibrium position is the point where the net force acting on the object is zero.
What type of energy transformation occurs in periodic motion?
In periodic motion, kinetic energy and potential energy are transformed into each other.
What is a waveform?
A waveform is a graphical representation of the variation of a physical quantity over time.
How does damping affect periodic motion?
Damping reduces the amplitude of oscillations over time.
What is the difference between underdamped, critically damped, and overdamped systems?
Underdamped systems oscillate with decreasing amplitude, critically damped systems return to equilibrium without oscillating, and overdamped systems return to equilibrium slowly without oscillating.
What is resonance in the context of periodic motion?
Resonance occurs when a system is driven at its natural frequency, resulting in large amplitude oscillations.
What determines the natural frequency of a system?
The natural frequency is determined by the physical properties of the system, such as mass and stiffness.
What is the formula for the frequency of a mass-spring system in SHM?
Frequency f = (1/2π)√(k/m), where k is the spring constant and m is the mass.
True or False: In SHM, the acceleration is always directed towards the equilibrium position.
True.
What is the phase of periodic motion?
Phase describes the position of a point in time on a waveform cycle.
What is the maximum velocity of an object in SHM?
The maximum velocity occurs as the object passes through the equilibrium position.
How does the mass of a pendulum affect its period?
The mass of a pendulum does not affect its period; it depends only on the length and gravity.
What is simple harmonic motion?
Simple harmonic motion is a type of periodic motion where the restoring force is proportional to the displacement and acts in the opposite direction.
Fill in the blank: The total mechanical energy in SHM remains __________.
constant.
What is the role of a damping force in oscillatory motion?
The damping force opposes the motion and reduces the amplitude of oscillations.
What happens to the frequency of a pendulum if its length is doubled?
The frequency decreases; it is inversely proportional to the square root of the length.
What is the effect of increased damping on the oscillation frequency?
Increased damping does not affect the frequency of oscillation in SHM.
True or False: The energy in a damped harmonic oscillator eventually becomes zero.
True.
What is the formula for the potential energy stored in a spring?
Potential energy PE = 1/2 k x², where k is the spring constant and x is the extension or compression.
What is a physical example of a damped harmonic oscillator?
A car’s shock absorber is an example of a damped harmonic oscillator.
What does the term ‘natural frequency’ refer to?
Natural frequency is the frequency at which a system tends to oscillate in the absence of external forces.
What is the period of a mass-spring system dependent on?
The period is dependent on the mass and the spring constant.
Fill in the blank: In SHM, the acceleration is __________ to the displacement.
inversely proportional.
What is an example of forced oscillation?
A child on a swing pushed periodically is an example of forced oscillation.
What is the role of the driving force in forced oscillations?
The driving force maintains the oscillation and can lead to resonance.
What happens to the amplitude of oscillation as the driving frequency approaches the natural frequency?
The amplitude increases significantly, potentially leading to resonance.
True or False: The energy of a forced oscillator can increase indefinitely.
False; it is limited by damping forces.
What is the effect of increasing the mass of a pendulum on its frequency?
Increasing the mass decreases the frequency of the pendulum.
What is the difference between periodic and non-periodic motion?
Periodic motion repeats at regular intervals, while non-periodic motion does not.
What is the equation for the total mechanical energy in SHM?
Total mechanical energy E = KE + PE, remains constant.
How can we determine the period of a wave from a graph?
The period can be determined by measuring the time taken for one complete cycle on the graph.
What is the effect of a larger amplitude on the energy of a periodic motion?
A larger amplitude results in greater potential and kinetic energy.
What does the term ‘phase difference’ refer to?
Phase difference refers to the difference in phase between two oscillating bodies.
Fill in the blank: The motion of a mass on a spring is an example of __________ motion.
simple harmonic.
What is the significance of the damping ratio?
The damping ratio indicates how quickly oscillations decay in a damped system.
What is the common unit for measuring energy in periodic motion?
Joules (J).
What is the relationship between amplitude and energy in periodic motion?
The energy is proportional to the square of the amplitude.
True or False: A pendulum will have the same period regardless of mass.
True.
What is the effect of temperature on the frequency of a pendulum?
Temperature changes can affect the length of the pendulum, thereby affecting frequency.
What is a real-life application of periodic motion?
The design of clocks utilizes periodic motion for timekeeping.
How does a wave’s frequency relate to its wavelength?
Frequency and wavelength are inversely related; higher frequency means shorter wavelength.
What happens to the energy in a harmonic oscillator over time if it is damped?
The total energy decreases over time due to work done against the damping force.
