6.1: Aromatic compounds, carbonyls and acids Flashcards

1
Q

What were the 3 pieces of evidence that did not support Kekule’s model?

A
  1. Benzene resists to typical ADDITION
  2. Enthalpy of hydrogenation is more STABLE than expected
  3. All bonds are the same length
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2
Q

Explain what was expected of Benzene and what is actually true in terms of “Resistance to addition”

A
  • Benzene expected to undergo electrophilic addition
  • Benzene actually undergoes electrophilic substitution

(Kekule thought that benzene experiences a rapid dynamic equilibrium and double bonds alternate)

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3
Q

Explain what was expected of Benzene and what is actually true in terms of “Enthalpy of Hydrogenation”

A
  • Benzene expected to have a ▲H of -360 kJ mol^-1
    -What actually happened:
    the ▲H of cyclohexene is -120 kJ mol^-1
    the ▲H of Kekule’s benzene is -360 kJ mol^-1
    but Benzene is the difference between these two: 360-120 = -280 kJ mol^-1 MORE stable than predicted
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4
Q

Explain what was expected of Benzene and what is actually true in terms of “Bond lengths”

A
  • Benzene expected to have alternating double bonds (different lengths)
  • Benzene’s 6 bonds actually are of the same length, according to X-Ray diffraction (0.140 nm)
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5
Q

What is the Revised Model of Benzene?

A

The DELOCALISED ELECTRON structure

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6
Q

Describe the Delocalised Electron structure (2)

A
  • EACH carbon donates an electron from its P-ORBITAL

- Forms a ring of electrons ABOVE and BELOW the plane

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7
Q

What does the Delocalised Electron structure show in terms of its electron density and energy required to disrupt the delocalisation?

A
  • LOW electron density

- so MORE ENERGY required to disrupt the delocalisation

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8
Q

What are “derivatives” when naming aromatic compounds?

A

Aromatic compounds where a H is substituted for a different group

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9
Q

What are 4 common groups and their prefixes?

A
  1. Chlorine: Chloro-
  2. Bromine: Bromo-
  3. Nitro group: Nitro-
  4. Alkyl chains: Methyl,ethyl, etc.
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10
Q

When a Hydrogen is removed from Benzene what is the prefix of that derivative called?

A

Phenyl (C6H5)

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11
Q

When a derivative is attached to a compounds but is NOT the focus, is it named as a prefix or a suffix?

A

Prefix (e.g. Benzene with a NH2 group is called PHENYLamine)

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12
Q

Give two examples of single-substituted aromatic compounds.

A

Methylbenzene (CH3 attached)

Chloromethylbenzene (CH2Cl attached)

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13
Q

How are double-substituted aromatic compounds named (3)?

A
  1. Carbon attached to 1st group, Labelled ‘1’
  2. Relative position of 2nd group found
  3. Prefix written in ALPHABETICAL ORDER
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14
Q

Give an example of a double-substituted aromatic compound

A

2-chloromethylbenzene (CH3 is on the 1st carbon, Cl attached to 2nd carbon)

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15
Q

How are aromatic compounds named when multiples of the same group are substituted?

A

We use ‘DI (2)’ or ‘TRI (3)’

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16
Q

Give an example of a multiple-substituted aromatic compound.

A

1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

17
Q

Define electrophilic substitution.

A

A SUBSTITUTION reaction where an ELECTROPHILE is attracted to an ELECTRON-RICH area and accepts a PAIR OF ELECTRONS.

18
Q

Why do electrophilic substitution reactions occur in Benzene?

A

Because of it’s high e- density.

19
Q

Describe the general mechanism of electrophilic substitution.

A
  1. Electrophile attracted to the delocalised e- ring
  2. Accepts e- pair (this is the rate-determining step)
  3. Delocalisation DISRUPTED and intermediate formed, the positive charge is spread over the ring.
  4. Intermediate releases H+ (joins with the -ve ion)
20
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed for the Nitration of Benzene (an electrophilic substitution reaction).

A

Reagents: CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID, CONCENTRATED NITRIC ACID
Conditions: 50 C, a higher temperature may cause multiple substitutions

21
Q

State the overall reaction for the nitration of benzene.

A

C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O

22
Q

Explain, step by step, the mechanism of the nitration of benzene (3).

A
  1. Electrophile formed: HNO3 + H2SO4 → NO2+ + 2HSO4- + H3O+
  2. NO2+ accepts lone pair, attaches to benzene, forms an intermediate (positive horseshoe)
  3. H joins with the HSO4- ion to form nitrobenzene and H2SO4 (h2so4 is catalyst)