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Anatomy > 6.1 - 6.2 Cartilage & Bones > Flashcards

6.1 - 6.2 Cartilage & Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Where can you find cartilage in the body? (8)

A

-external ear
-nose
-articular cartilages
-coastal cartilages
-larynx
-trachea
-intervertebral discs
-pubic symphisis

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2
Q

What kind of cartilage is in the ear

A

Elastic cartilage

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3
Q

What kind of cartilage is in the nose

A

Hyaline cartilage

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4
Q

What kind of cartilage is in the articular cartilages

A

Hyaline cartilages

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5
Q

You can find articular cartilages at __________

A

The end of most bones at movable joints

green arrows

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6
Q

You can find coastal cartilages at ______

A

The ribs (it connects the ribs to the sternum)

blue arrow

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7
Q

Coastal cartilage is made out of ______ cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

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8
Q

cartilages in the larynx include the

A

epiglottis

epiglottis is the green

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9
Q

cartilages in the larynx are made out of

A

elastic cartilages

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10
Q

what does the epiglottis do

A

its a falp that opens/closes to keep food from entereing the larynx & lungs

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11
Q

what do cartialges in the trachea do

A

hold open air tubes of the respiratory system

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12
Q

where can you find cartilage in the intervertebral discs

A

between the vertebrae

red dot - lines between spine

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13
Q

where can you find cartilage in the pubic symphysis

A

bottom middle area

purple dot

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14
Q

cartilage is more abundant in ______ than an adult

A

embryo

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15
Q

what is endochondral ossification

A

the process in which the fast-growing hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone tissue

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16
Q

cartilage contains NO ______and NO _____

A

no nerves and no blood vessels

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17
Q

cartilage is a _________________ tissue

A

connective

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18
Q

cartialge is surrounded

A

by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue = perichondrium

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19
Q

perichondrium functions (4)

A

1) acts like a girdle
2) resists outward expansion under pressure
3) helps in growth & repair of the cartialge
4) contains blood vessels

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20
Q

how is cauliflower ear (subperichondrial hematoma) caused

A

damage to the ear that seperates cartilage & perichondrium

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21
Q

cartilage tissue descriptions (3)

A

-consists of primarily water (60-80%)
- very resilient
- 3 types of cartilage

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22
Q

cartilage similarities (4)

A

1) chondrocyte cell
2) chondrocytes are IN lacunae
3) matrix is produces by chondroblasts
4) matrix has fibers & ground substance

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23
Q

identify

A

hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

identify

A

elastic cartilage

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25
Q

identify

A

fibrocartilage

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26
Q

bones are organs because they contain several different tissues - what types? (5)

A

-bone connective tissue MOST
-nevous tissue in nerves
-blood connective tissue in blood vessels
-cartilage connective tissue
-epithelial tissue in lining blood vessels

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27
Q

bone functions (6)

A
  1. support
  2. movement
  3. protection
  4. mineral storage
  5. blood cell formation & energy storage
  6. energy metabolism
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28
Q

explain how bone assist in: support

A

provides hard framework to support weight of body

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29
Q

explain how bone assist in: movement

A

skeletal muscles use bones as leves to move the body & parts

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30
Q

explain how bone assist in: protection

A

protects underlying organs :
-skull protects the brain
-vertebrae surrounds spinal cord
-rib cage protects organs of the thorax

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31
Q

explain how bone assist in: mineral storage (2)

A

reservoir of minerals like calcium and phosphorus
& releases into the blood stream

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32
Q

explain how bone assist in: blood cell formation & energy storage

A

bone contains red (makes blood cells) & yellow bone marrow (site of fat storage)

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33
Q

explain how bone assist in: energy metabolism (2)

A

-osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin (hormone that influences sugar regulation & energy metabolism)
-osteocalcin stimulates insukin secrete in pancreas that reduce blood sugar levels

34
Q

what makes bone like other connective tissues

A

its seperated by extracellular matrix

35
Q

what makes bone unlike other connective tissues

A

bone consists of organic (cells, fibers, ground substance)
& inorganic components

36
Q

what is the extracellular matrix of bone made of

A

-31% organic material (mostly collagen)
-65% inorganic material (mostly calcium phosphate –> hydroxyapatite)

37
Q

what does collagen contribute to in the bone extracellular matrix

A

flexibility & strength

38
Q

what does calcium phosphate ( hydroxyapatite ) contribute to in the bone extracellular matrix

A

provides hardness & resists compression

39
Q

identify green

A

periosteum

40
Q

identify blue/purple

A

perforating collagen fiber bundles

41
Q

identify red

A

colalgen fibers run in different directions

42
Q

identify green

A

perforating collagen fiber bundles

43
Q

what happens if you soak bone in vinegar for days

A

the acidic vinegar dissolves away bone’s minerals & makes bone flexible

44
Q

what happens if you bake a bone at high temperature to destroy the organic component of bone

A

remains mineral components - stiff & brittle

45
Q

4 types of cells in bone tissue

A

1) osteoprogenitor cells
2) osteoblasts
3) osteocytes
4) osteoclasts

46
Q

3 types of cells in bone tissue that produce or maintain the tissue

A

1) osteoprogenitor cells
2) osteoblasts
3) osteocytes

47
Q

type of cell in bone tissue that is responsible for resorption of bone tissue

A

osteoclasts

48
Q

order of bone tissue cells (3) what makes what

A

osteoprogenitor cells –> osteoblasts –> osteocytes

49
Q

4 classifications of bones

A

1- long bones
2- short bones
3- flat bones
4- ireggular bones

50
Q

describe long bones (2)

A

-longer than wide
-has shaft plus 2 ends

51
Q

describe short bones

A

semi cubed shape

52
Q

describe flat bones (2)

A
  • thin & flattened
  • usually curved
53
Q

describe irregular bones (2)

A

-various shapes
-doesn’t fit into other categories

54
Q

long bones found in (2)

A

-most bones in limbs
-fingers & toes

55
Q

short bones found in (3)

A

-wrist & ankle
-sesamoid bones (short bones with tendons)
-patella (kneecap)

56
Q

Flat bones found in (4)

A

-most cranial bones
-ribs
-sternum
-scapula

57
Q

irregular bones found in (2)

A

-vertebrae
-hip bones

58
Q

gross anatomy of bones (2)

A

-compact bone
-spongy bone

59
Q

what is the compact bone (2)

A

-dense outer layer of bone
-smooth & solid to naked eye

60
Q

what is the spongy bone (2)

A

-honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces (trabeculae)
-open spaces between trabeculae filled w red or yellow marrow

61
Q

unlike cartilage, bones are well ___________

A

vascularized

62
Q

between ___ & _____ of the blood in the body is in the skeleton

A

3% & 11%

63
Q

the _____________ covers the external surface of the bone; the ____________ covers the interal surface of the bone

A

periosteum ; endosteum

64
Q

osteoblasts are known for ________________ ; while osteoclasts are known for __________________

A

making ; breaking

65
Q

with bare eyes, compact bone looks

A

solid

66
Q

under microscope bone is seen with …

A

passegeways for blood vessels & nerves

67
Q

osteon description (5)

A

-important structural component
-long cylindrical structures
-fucntions in supports
-resembles rings of tree
-each tube inside is called a lamella

68
Q

what’s inside a lamella (2)

A

-layer of bone matrix with collagen fibers & mineral crystals in 1 direction
-fibers & cristals of adjacent lamella run in the opposite direction

69
Q

identify red

A

osteons

70
Q

identify blue

A

lamella

71
Q

identify red

A

central canal

72
Q

what runs through the core of each osteon

compact bone

A

-central canal
-blood vessels & nerve fibers
-lamella
-perforating canals (volkmann’s canals)
-canaliculi
-lacunae

73
Q

identify red

A

canaliculi

74
Q

what does the canaliculi do

A

connect lacunae to one another

75
Q

identify pink

A

osteocyte in lacuna

76
Q

idnetify green

A

lamellae

77
Q

identify orange

A

central canal

78
Q

identify yellow

A

lacunae

79
Q

what do volkmanns canals do (compact bone)

A

canals at right angles to connect blood & nerve supply to the central canals & marrow cavity

80
Q

spongy bone microscopic structure (2)

A
  • less complex than complex bone
  • each trabecula has several layers of lamellae & osteocytes

too small for osteons or vessles

81
Q

identify red

A

perforating canals (volkmanns canals)

Anatomy (2 decks)

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