Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro Quiz 4 Final > 60 Sleep > Flashcards

60 Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Which brain waves are the fastest? Slowest?

A

Fastest: Gamma (>30Hz), Slowest: delta (<4Hz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the order of brain frequencies from fastest to slowest?

A

Gamma (30Hz) > Beta > Alpha > Theta > Delta (4Hz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which brain waves predominate during wake? Sleep? Deep sleep?

A

Wake: alpha/beta (14-30Hz) Sleep: theta (4-7Hz) Deep sleep: Delta (<4Hz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do EEG recordings represent?

A

continuum of frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 primary brain states?

A

Wake, Non-REM sleep, REM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which brain waves predominate during wake? Non-REM sleep? REM sleep?

A

Wake: alpha/beta (14-30Hz) Non-REM Sleep: theta/delta (<7Hz), REM sleep: alpha/theta: (13-4Hz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What 3 characteristics are typical of Wake in terms of brainwaves, eyes, and muscle tone?

A

Brainwaves: ALPHA (8-13Hz) Eyes: RAPID EYE. Muscle tone: NORMAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

During wake, where are ALPHA frequencies best seen and how are they attenuated?

A

occpital regions; alpha waves attenuate with eye opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the sleep stages? (4)

A

Non-REM: N1 (light sleep/transition) N2 (filler sleep), N3 (deep sleep, slow-wave, delta sleep) and REM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What characterizes the Non-REM N1 stage? (4)

A

1) alpha waves (8-13Hz) are replaced with theta waves (4-7Hz), 2) slow eye movements, 3) muscle relaxation, 4) central apneas (neural transitions of wake-sleep)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the hypnic jerk?

A

sensation of falling/flash of light - whole body jerk that is normal at the sleep/wake transition stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What characterizes the Non-REM N2 stage? (3)

A

1) Theta activity that progressively slows 2) sleep spindles (13-14Hz), 3) K complex (large amp/biphasic evoked response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What characterizes the Non-REM N3 stage? (2)

A

1) delta waves (<4Hz), with 20% being slow wave activity (0.5-2Hz with 75uV amplitude), 2) highest arousal threshold (hardest to wake up from)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is slow wave sleep parasomnia?

A

sleep disorders; involves abnormal and unnatural movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, between sleep stages, or during arousal from sleep.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What key components characterizes the REM stage? (6)

A

1) reticular activation - desynchronization, 2) stage-1 like EEG (theta range) with saw-tooth waves and phasic/tonic components 3) rapid eye movements, 4) muscle atonia (paralysis) and twitches, 5) cognitive activity, 6) PGO (pontine-geniculate-occpital) spikes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the phasic/tonic components that are characteristic of the REM stage?

A

PHASIC REM: phasic eye movements and muscle twitches + saw-tooth theta waves. High SYMPATHETHIC state. TONIC REM: no eye or motor movements, no alpha or theta. High PARASYMPATHETHIC state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

During REM sleep, where is most of the brain activity localized to?

A

in occipital lobe (VISUAL cortex) not in our olfactory cortex - reason why our dreams are visual and not olfactory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is muscle atonia and when is this most prominent?

A

muscle atonia occurs during REM sleep - important so that we don’t act out our dreams during sleep. If this doesn’t get turned on, the body will act out whatever is in the cortex (normally associated with older age and neurodegenerative disorders)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sleep enters through this phase:

A

N1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the ultradian rhythm?

A

Non-REM and REM sleep cycle with approximately 90 min period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What stage predominates in the first 1/3 of the night? Last 1/3 of the night?

A

First 1/3: N3. Last 1/3: REM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which stage of sleep do most sleep medications act on?

A

stage N2 sleep, but some will suppress REM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does autonomic activity change with Non-REM sleep? REM sleep?

A

Non-REM: decreased HR and BP, REM: variable sympathetic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does respiratory activity change with Non-REM sleep? REM sleep?

A

both: decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does muscle tone change with Non-REM sleep? REM sleep?

A

Non-REM: reduced, REM: minimal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does temperature change with Non-REM sleep? REM sleep?

A

Non-REM: intact regulation. REM: poikilothermic (considerable variation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does cerebral blood flow change with Non-REM sleep? REM sleep?

A

Non-REM: reduced CBF REM: increased CBF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does cognititon/cortical arousal change with Non-REM sleep? REM sleep?

A

Non-REM: reduced REM: abundant/bizzare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How do genitals change with Non-REM sleep? REM sleep?

A

Non-REM: ?? REM: Penile erection/vaginal blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does ontogeny (of sleep) mean?

A

how sleep develops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In fetuses/newborns, what sleep stage predominates?

A

active sleep (REM). Fetuses experiences 80% of their sleep in this stage, while newborns experience 50% of their sleep in this stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When is nocturnal sleep established?

A

3-4 months

33
Q

When does active sleep/REM eventually level off?

A

at 2 years of age, where it remains fixed at 25%

34
Q

REM remains fixed ~25% over one’s lifetime, but what decreases over adult life? Increases?

A

Decreases: amount of slow-wave activity. Increases: stage 1 sleep (N1)

35
Q

What is one explanation as to why the elderly suffers from a plethora of sleep problems?

A

elderly makes less melatonin (or their melatonin receptors may be diminishing)

36
Q

What regulates circadian rhythms? (2)

A

1) internal biological factors (biological clock), 2) external cues (Zeitgebers) light vs night

37
Q

What 3 main bodily functions have circadian rhythms?

A

1) hormones (higher cortisol secretion in the MA), 2) body temperature, 3) cardiovascular system, etc

38
Q

What is entrainment? Free-running?

A

ENTRAINMENT: adjustment of cycles to compensate for differences between intrinsic period and environmental cycles (day/night), such that rhythms occur at correct daily phases. FREE-RUNNING: persistance of rhythms during constant conditions (ie constant light or constant dark)

39
Q

What is photic entrainment?

A

light entrains the circadian rhythm within various limits and according to specific patterns

40
Q

What happens if light is presented near the initiation of the “dark cycle” activity (ie temperature nadir)? Near the conclusion?

A

Near initiation: phase delay. Near conclusion: phase advance.

41
Q

What happens if light is presented during the typical “light cycle” activity?

A

nothing

42
Q

What is the primary clock mechanism in humans?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

43
Q

What happens if you ablate the SCN? Isolate? Stimulate?

A

ABLATE: loss of rhythmicity (loss of body clock). ISOLATE: autorhythmicity. STIMULATE: phase shifting

44
Q

How does light stimulate the SCN?

A

light goes from the retina to the SCN via the retinothalamic tract

45
Q

What is the pathway that induces the pineal gland to secrete melatonin?

A

DARKNESS > retina > SCN > Hypothalamus > Pineal gland > SCN > Basal forebrain (PPT) and Dorsal raphe (serotonin)

46
Q

What is melatonin?

A

“hormone of darkness”. Released by the pineal gland in response to darkness, binds to receptors on the SCN to reinforce the dark signal

47
Q

How does melatonin secretion change with age?

A

decreases

48
Q

What is the purpose of giving melatonin as a therapy to those who have trouble sleeping?

A

melatonin will advance the sleep stage (remember it is the hormone of darkness)

49
Q

What is delayed vs. advanced sleep phase?

A

delayed: where you can’t sleep. Advanced: sleep earlier than desired

50
Q

What is the etiologies of delayed sleep phase? (4)

A

1) alterations in the endogenous circadian system, 2) Zeitgebergers (bright light in the evening, lack of exposure to morning light), 3) behavioral preference, 4) psychopathology/depression

51
Q

How do you treat delayed sleep phase? (3)

A

1) chronotherapy/time therapy (progressive 3-hour delay to correct schedule) 2) phototherapy (bright light treatment), 3) melatonin

52
Q

What is advanced sleep phase?

A

when you experience sleepiness earlier than desired

53
Q

How do you treat advanced sleep phase?

A

phototherapy/melatonin

54
Q

What is Process S vs Process C in terms of sleep regulation?

A

Process S: adenosine-driven - the longer you’ve been awake, the more tired you become due to adenosine accumulation Process C: circadian clock-driven - helps us to stay awake at the end of the day (purpose is to allow one to consolidate sleep and wake periods)

55
Q

How does Process S vs Process C change during the day?

A

Both Process S (adenosine) and Process C (circadian) INCREASE. Process S increase (adenosine) due to continual use of ATP for energy and Process C increase to help us stay awake at the end of the day so that we can consolidate sleep at night

56
Q

What is adenosine?

A

homeostatic regulator of sleep. Increases during the wake cycle. Inhibits “wake-active” ACh neurons in the basal forebrain, thus promoting sleepiness

57
Q

What antagonizes Process S (adenosine)?

A

caffeineeeeeeeeeeeeee :)

58
Q

Where is NE released?

A

locus ceruleus

59
Q

Where is Serotonin (5HT) released?

A

dorsal raphe

60
Q

Where is ACh released? (2)

A

PPT/LDT (brainstem), basal forebrain

61
Q

Where is Histamine released?

A

hypothalamus (tubero-mammillary nucleus)

62
Q

Where is Adenosine released?

A

basal forebrain, hypothalamus

63
Q

Where is Orexin/hypocretin released?

A

hypothalamus

64
Q

Where is Dopamine released?

A

brainstem/hypothalamus

65
Q

What is the ARAS?

A

Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) projects to thalamus, lateral hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and diffusely throughout the cerebral cortex and produces desynchronization of cortical neurons to promote WAKEFULNESS

66
Q

What components and hormones of ARAS are active during wake?

A

ACH (LDT, PPT), NE (Locus ceruleus), 5HT (dorsal raphe), Histamine (Tuberomammillary nucleus) PLLDT

67
Q

Why does anti-histamines make you tired?

A

because histamines, secreted from the tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN), are active during wake

68
Q

What hormone is deficient in narcolepsy?

A

orexin/hypocretin

69
Q

What are the functions of orexin/hypocretin?

A

promote wake-active state by sending projections to ARAS and prevent unwanted transitions to sleep

70
Q

What area of the brain is active during Non-REM sleep generation?

A

Ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO).

71
Q

What is the function of ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO)? (4)

A

promotes sleepiness/sleep ONSET in the Non-REM sleep by: 1) reducing ARAS activity, 2) block sensory input to thalamus, 3) produce spindle activity to the reticular thalamic nuclei, 4) slow wave production at the thalamus/cortex

72
Q

What inhibits VLPO? What is the net effect of this inhibition?

A

activity in the arousal systems inhibit the VLPO, which relieves its suppression of arousal centers and orexin neurons

73
Q

When does the VLPO system become active? What is the net effect of this activity?

A

during sleep (when the homeostatic drive for sleep accumulates and reaches a tipping point), VLPO become active and inhibits the tuberomammillary nucleus, locus cereulus, and raphe nuclei to promote sleepiness/sleep ONSET

74
Q

During REM sleep generation, which areas of the brain increases its activity? Which areas decreases its activity?

A

DECREASES: Locus ceruleus (NE), TMN (histamine), raphe nucleus (5HT). INCREASES: LDT, PPT (ACh)

75
Q

How does the activity in the LDT/PPT (in the pons) during REM sleep cause in visual dreams?

A

LDT/PPT connects to 1) lateral geniculate (which connects to the occpital/visual cortex), 2) oculomotor nuclei (for eye movement), 3) spinal cord (for motor inhibition, so we don’t act out our dreams)

76
Q

What are wake-active neurotransmitters and substances?

A

WAKE-ACTIVE: Hypocretin/orexin, histamine, ACh, NE, dopamine, serotoin. (HHANDS SLEEP-PROMOTING: GABA, adenosine, endorphins, cholecystokinin (CAGE)

77
Q

What is the purpose of Non-REM sleep? REM sleep?

A

Non-REM: restoration of physiological functions and hormones, tissue repair, energy conservation. REM: learning and memory, CNS development and maintenance, restoration of NE transmitter function

78
Q

how does sleep deprivation affect functional performance?

A

negatively affects functional performance (speed, accuracy) due to REM deprivation

Neuro Quiz 4 Final (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions