6. Vaccinology Flashcards
What proof is there that vaccination is successful?
Reduction in the number of cases of thediseases which are vaccinated against
What would reducing vaccination do?
Reducing vaccination would greatly increase the burden of these diseases within a generation or less
What is a vaccine?
Induce an anti-infectious immune response similar to the real infection but without the same risks and side effects
When can vaccines be administered?
At will and as required before an infection is contracted
What do vaccines do to most vaccinees?
Most vaccine put vaccinees in a situation where the first encounter with an infectious pathogen is like their second exposure - causes a memory response instead of a primary response - disease might not even occur
Important points for vaccines
- Need to be safe to use (no toxic components)
- Can’t cause the disease they aim to prevent
- Must have minimal side effects (acceptance)
- Need to be long-lasting (no regular jabs)
- Are easy to store and transport (developing world)
- Are cheap (affordability, health budget)
Active vaccines
Active - cause organisms to mount an immune response as if a real infection has taken place
Passive vaccines
Providing organisms with a ‘prefabricated’ immune response e.g. post-exposure prophylaxis with anti-Hep B antibodies
Live vaccines
aka attenuated
-contain agents which have been weakened but not killed
-can’t normally cause disease but can replicate to produce strong immune response
-CANNOT BE GIVEN TO IMMUNOCOMPROMISED INDIVIDUALS
Examples: BCG (TB), shingles, MMR, nasal spray influenza
Advantages and examples of live vaccines
Closer to natural infection than inactivated vaccines
produce strong immune responses, often life-long protection
BCG, shingles, MMR, nasal spray influenza
Inactivated vaccines
contain agents destroyed by chemicals or heat which cannot replicate in the body
but it still recognised by the immune response which mounts a protective immune response against it
Examples: influenza, pertussis, poliomyelitis
Disadvantages and examples of inactivated vaccines
Weaker immune response so takes several doses (initial vaccine and booster)
examples: influenza, pertussis, poliomyelitis
Inactivated vaccine examples
pertussis, influenza, polio, typhoid
Live attenuated vaccine examples
BCG, oral typhoid, measles, mumps, rubella, nasal flu
DNA/RNA vaccine examples
experimental stage, infections, tumours
Protein/virus like particle examples
Hep B, HPV
subunit vaccine
Hep b, TB
Subunit/conjugate vccines
HIB (polysaccharide plus protein)
Toxoid
Tetanus, diptheria
Variola and vaccinia virus
variola causes small pox, lethal
Cowpox - milder disease
Vaccinia virus - unclear origin
The immune response to cowpox and vaccinia protects against small pox
Routine childhood immunisations at 8 weeks old
Infanrix hexa - Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), polio, haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) and hep B - all one vaccine - thigh
Prevenar 13 - pneumococcal (13 serotypes) pneumococcal conjugal vaccine thigh
Bexsero - Meningococcal group B - left thigh
Rotarix - rotavirus gastroenteritis -by mouth
Routine childhood immunisations at Twelve weeks old
Infanrix hexa - DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB - thigh
Rotarix - rotavirus - by mouth
Routine childhood immunisations at sixteen weeks old
Infanrix hexa - DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB - thigh
Prevenar 13 - pneumococcal - thigh
Bexsero - MenB -left thigh
Routine childhood immunisations at one year old
Menitorix - Hib and MenC - upper arm/thigh
Prevenar 13 - pneumococcal - upper arm/thigh
MMR - upper arm/thigh
Bexsero MenB booster - left thigh
