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BSMS302 > 6. Vaccinology > Flashcards

6. Vaccinology Flashcards

1
Q

What proof is there that vaccination is successful?

A

Reduction in the number of cases of thediseases which are vaccinated against

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2
Q

What would reducing vaccination do?

A

Reducing vaccination would greatly increase the burden of these diseases within a generation or less

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3
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

Induce an anti-infectious immune response similar to the real infection but without the same risks and side effects

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4
Q

When can vaccines be administered?

A

At will and as required before an infection is contracted

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5
Q

What do vaccines do to most vaccinees?

A

Most vaccine put vaccinees in a situation where the first encounter with an infectious pathogen is like their second exposure - causes a memory response instead of a primary response - disease might not even occur

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6
Q

Important points for vaccines

A
  1. Need to be safe to use (no toxic components)
  2. Can’t cause the disease they aim to prevent
  3. Must have minimal side effects (acceptance)
  4. Need to be long-lasting (no regular jabs)
  5. Are easy to store and transport (developing world)
  6. Are cheap (affordability, health budget)
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7
Q

Active vaccines

A

Active - cause organisms to mount an immune response as if a real infection has taken place

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8
Q

Passive vaccines

A

Providing organisms with a ‘prefabricated’ immune response e.g. post-exposure prophylaxis with anti-Hep B antibodies

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9
Q

Live vaccines

A

aka attenuated
-contain agents which have been weakened but not killed
-can’t normally cause disease but can replicate to produce strong immune response
-CANNOT BE GIVEN TO IMMUNOCOMPROMISED INDIVIDUALS
Examples: BCG (TB), shingles, MMR, nasal spray influenza

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10
Q

Advantages and examples of live vaccines

A

Closer to natural infection than inactivated vaccines
produce strong immune responses, often life-long protection
BCG, shingles, MMR, nasal spray influenza

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11
Q

Inactivated vaccines

A

contain agents destroyed by chemicals or heat which cannot replicate in the body
but it still recognised by the immune response which mounts a protective immune response against it
Examples: influenza, pertussis, poliomyelitis

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12
Q

Disadvantages and examples of inactivated vaccines

A

Weaker immune response so takes several doses (initial vaccine and booster)
examples: influenza, pertussis, poliomyelitis

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13
Q

Inactivated vaccine examples

A

pertussis, influenza, polio, typhoid

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14
Q

Live attenuated vaccine examples

A

BCG, oral typhoid, measles, mumps, rubella, nasal flu

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15
Q

DNA/RNA vaccine examples

A

experimental stage, infections, tumours

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16
Q

Protein/virus like particle examples

A

Hep B, HPV

17
Q

subunit vaccine

A

Hep b, TB

18
Q

Subunit/conjugate vccines

A

HIB (polysaccharide plus protein)

19
Q

Toxoid

A

Tetanus, diptheria

20
Q

Variola and vaccinia virus

A

variola causes small pox, lethal
Cowpox - milder disease
Vaccinia virus - unclear origin
The immune response to cowpox and vaccinia protects against small pox

21
Q

Routine childhood immunisations at 8 weeks old

A

Infanrix hexa - Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), polio, haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) and hep B - all one vaccine - thigh

Prevenar 13 - pneumococcal (13 serotypes) pneumococcal conjugal vaccine thigh

Bexsero - Meningococcal group B - left thigh

Rotarix - rotavirus gastroenteritis -by mouth

22
Q

Routine childhood immunisations at Twelve weeks old

A

Infanrix hexa - DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB - thigh

Rotarix - rotavirus - by mouth

23
Q

Routine childhood immunisations at sixteen weeks old

A

Infanrix hexa - DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB - thigh

Prevenar 13 - pneumococcal - thigh

Bexsero - MenB -left thigh

24
Q

Routine childhood immunisations at one year old

A

Menitorix - Hib and MenC - upper arm/thigh

Prevenar 13 - pneumococcal - upper arm/thigh

MMR - upper arm/thigh

Bexsero MenB booster - left thigh

25
Q

Routine childhood immunisations at two to eight years old

A

Fluenz Tetra - influenza - each year from September both nostrils

26
Q

Routine childhood immunisations at three years four months old or soon after

A

Infanrix or Repevax - DTaP/IPV - upper arm

MMR - upper arm

27
Q

Routine childhood immunisations for girls aged 12 to 13

A

Gardasil HPV - 16,18,6,11 - two doses 6-24 months apart - upper arm

28
Q

Routine childhood immunisations at fourteen years old

A

Revaxis - Td/IPv - check MMR status - upper arm

Meningococcal groups A, C, W and Y disease (MenACWY) - upper arm

29
Q

passive immunisation in practice

A

Hep B hyperimmune serum- after exposure

Tetanus hyperimmun serum - after exposure

Rabies hyperimmune serum - after exposure

Anti-venoms, antitoxins etc - after exposure

Hep A hyperimmune serum used to be given as exposure prophylaxis now pre-exposure vaccine available

30
Q

VZV hyperimmune globulin

A

effective prophylaxis for babies born to mums who develop varicella in a 1 week period before or after delivery

31
Q

Measles vaccine complications vs disease

A

Measles disease causes pneumonia 1/600, encephalitis 1/1000, death 2/1000
AND damages B cell memory to a number of other infections (probs adds to mortality)
MMR vaccine causes encephalitis or severe allerfic reaction 1 in 1,000,000

32
Q

Herd immunity

A

Virus spread stops when probability of infection drops under certain threshold which is virus and population specific
threshold for measles 93-95%
No vax is 100% effective
80% immunised w measles results in 76% being immune against measles

33
Q

What is an adjuvant

A

substances added to a vaccine to increase the body’s immune response to that vaccine

ASO3 adjuvant in swine flu vaccine made people narcoleptic

34
Q

What can repeated administration of anti-sera cause?

A

anaphylaxis upon repeated administration - response to non-self protein

BSMS302 (10 decks)

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