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AS - N927 Chem/Physics > 6 Pressure, Flow, Energy, BP, Vaporization, Heat, & Temp > Flashcards

6 Pressure, Flow, Energy, BP, Vaporization, Heat, & Temp Flashcards

1
Q

Force

A 
That which changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion of an object
Push or pull on an object
Vector - direction and magnitude
Type of energy
= Mass (kg) · Acceleration (m/s^2 ) 
= (kg · m)/s^2 
Newtons (N)
(g · cm)/s^2 = Dyne SVR/PVR
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2
Q

Work

A 
Measurement of the amount of change a force produces when it acts on an object/body
= Force · Distance (displacement)
= (Mass · Acceleration) · Distance
= kg · (m/s^2 ) · m
= Newton · meters
= (kg 〖· m〗^2  )/s^2   = 1 Joule (J)
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3
Q

Total Energy

A 
Kinetic + Potential energy
Internal energy of system = sum potential and kinetic energy in the particles w/in the system
Energy - the currency of force
Capacity to do work (measured in ft lbs)
Measured in Joules
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4
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

= (Mass ·(Velocity)^2 )/2 OR Mass · (Velocity)^2 · 0.5
Energy of motion - energy a mass possesses by being in motion
Measured in Joules

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5
Q

Potential Energy

A 
= Mass · 9.8 m/s^2 · Height
= kg · 9.8 m/s^2   · m 
= (kg ·〖 m〗^2  )/s^2   
= Joule
Energy of height (gravity impact)
*stored for later use*
Example: Rollercoaster
Measured in Joules
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6
Q

Power

A

= Work/Time
= Joules/Seconds
= Watts

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7
Q

Reynolds Number

A 
Predicts laminar or turbulent flow
(Inertial Forces)/(Cohesive Forces)
Re < 2,000 Laminar Flow
Re > 4,000 Turbulent Flow (↑ Resistance)
Re 2,000−4,000 Transitional	
Re = (velocity ⋅ diameter ⋅ density)/viscosity
Does not consider or predict resistance
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8
Q

Resistance/Flow/Pressure

A

Q = ∆P/R
∆P = Q x R
R = ∆P/Q
Flow - volume gas or liquid passing through cross-sectional area over unit of time (length/seconds) produced by pressure gradient application

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9
Q

Pressure

A 
= Force/Area
↑ surface area ↓ pressure
↓ area ↑ pressure
Density directly proportional 
↑ density ↑ pressure
Administering drug via 18G vs. 24G IV
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10
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

Partial pressure - exerted by single gas component of mixture
P1 + P2 + P3 + PN = Total pressure

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11
Q

Atmospheric Pressure Units

A 
760mmHg
760 Torr
14.7 PSI
1,000cmH2O
100 kPa
1 bar
33 ftH2O
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12
Q

Pressure at Altitude

A 
Sea level = 1 Atmosphere
10,000ft = 0.66 (2/3) 1 Atmos
20,000 = 0.5 (1/2) 1 Atmos
NOT linear relationship b/w altitude &amp; pressure
60,000 H2O boils 37°C
Underwater:
33ft H2O = 2 Atmos
66ft H2O = 3 Atmos
99ft H2O = 4 Atmos
H2O much more dense than air
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13
Q

Acceleration

A

m/s^2

s^2 = traveling at specific rate m/s per second

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14
Q

Rate

A

m/s

Cruise control - constant mph

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15
Q

Pascal’s Law

A

External pressure transmitter equally throughout = homogenous
Pressure transmitted equally therefore able to read via gauge to measure pressure w/in
Not affected by gravity

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16
Q

Atmospheric Gas Composition & Pressure

A 
Dry air
N2 79% 594mmHg
O2 21% 159mmHg
(1% trace inert gases)
Water vapor 47mmHg
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17
Q

PSIG

A

Pounds per square inch gauge
Set to read 1 atm (14.7psi or 760mmHg) less than absolute pressure
Indicates usable/useful volume of gas in container
Tank works via negative pressure system, once equilibrates w/ atmosphere then gas will no longer be able to flow out
“Empty” tank not truly empty

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18
Q

PSIA

A

Absolute pounds per square inch
Set to read the TOTAL about gas present in container
Cannot get out unless suction out remainder

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19
Q

Absolute Pressure

A

Gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure

Total amount gas present in the container

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20
Q

Laminar Flow

A

Stronger intermolecular and cohesive forces = more likely to have laminar flow
↑ IMF ↑ viscosity
VISCOSITY keeps molecules “in-line”
“Sheets” of molecules
Flow α 1/Viscosity
↑ viscosity ↓ flow
Viscosity determinant of gas flow when flow is laminar

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21
Q

Turbulent Flow

A

Velocity, diameter, & density - forces that tend to disrupt cohesive forces therefore molecules move “out of line”
Flow α 1/√Density
↑ density ↓ flow
Density determinant of gas flow when flow is turbulent
Influences probability that interactions b/w fluid molecules will occur - ↑ density ↑ molecules per unit area ↑ chance of molecular collisions ↑ drag ↑ resistance ↓ flow

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22
Q

Boiling Point

A

Temperature at which the vapor pressure of liquid equals ambient pressure
Entirety of liquid enters the gas phase
↑ ambient pressure ↑ BP
Ex: Desflurane ↑ temperature

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23
Q

Vaporization

A

Conversion of volatile liquid to a vapor/gas

Aided by heat

24
Q

Heat

A

Total kinetic energy of molecules of a substance
Heat energy flows from increased heat to area w/ lower heat energy (hotter to cooler substance) = heat exchange
Energy in form of kinetic energy - resides w/in molecules of the substance
Thermal gradient or conductance
Measurement of substance’s ability to conduct (exchange) heat = thermal conductivity

25
Temperature
Thermal state of substance which determines whether it will give heat to another substance or receive heat from another Average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance 1L 80°C vs. 3L 80°C water bottle - same temperature 3L will give off more heat Take 0.5L from each = equal temp and heat
26
Endothermic Process
State of matter change that requires heat input Chemical example: A + B + Heat = C Physical change: Ice → Water (add heat)
27
Exothermic Process
``` State of matter change that required output of heat energy or energy flow out of the system Giving off heat (output) Steam → water → ice Gas → liquid → solid Heat liberated/released ```
28
Conduction
Heat transferred from one point to another by direct contact | Patient placed on cold surface
29
Convection
30% Heat transfer that occurs when a fluid flows over a solid while temperature between the fluid and solid are different Convection oven or fan blowing cool air
30
Radiation
40% Transfer of heat through divergence in all directions from a center Body heat radiates to other objects in the room
31
Evaporation
Heat transfer through converting liquid to a vapor | Sweat, wet blankets, or humidification of dry inspired gas
32
Kelvin
0°C = 273°K °K = °C + 273° Absolute zero = 0
33
Fahrenheit
°F = (C° · (9/5)) + 32 | Absolute zero = -459.7
34
Celsius
°C = (°F − 32) · (5/9) | Absolute zero = -273
35
Anion Gap
Na – (Cl + HCO3)
36
Strong Ion Difference
(Strong cations) – (strong anions) | (Na+) + (K+) + (Ca2+) + (Mg2+)) - (Cl- + Lactate
37
Henderson-Hasselbalch
pH = 6.1 + log (HCO3¯/PaCO2 x 0.03)
38
H2O Vapor Pressure
Room Temp 20°C = 17.5mmHg 37°C = 47mmHg Boiling Point 100°C = 760mmHg Water vapor present in body - lungs, alveoli, etc.
39
Graham's Law
Density = gas molecular weight Relates flow through an orifice (turbulent) to gas density Flow α 1/√Density Gas flow rate = 1/√MW
40
Poiseuille's Law
Relates volume of flow through a tube (laminar) to diameter, pressure differential, length, and viscosity Tube - pathway where length > diameter Flow α 1/Viscosity Volume of flow = ∆P/R Flow proportional to change in pressure/viscosity
41
Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere that varies w/ altitude Airplane cabin pressurized at 30,000ft to prevent hypoxia d/t low air pressure at high altitudes
42
Ambient Pressure
Refers to pressure of the medium in which a specific object is located; environment in at any given moment Ex: Hyperbaric chamber, or diving underwater
43
Variable Orifice Tube
Flowmeter increased diameter as flow increases to decrease resistance Pressure remains constant despite ↑ flow P = Q x R ↑ flow ↓ resistance (↑ diameter) More turbulent flow as diameter increases (float bounces more than at low flow rates when laminar flow present)
44
Dew Point
Temperature at which (if volume of air cooled) moisture precipitates out Measure of humidity in the air Air more loaded w/ water vapor more likely for water to condense out Higher dew point = more moisture in the air (saturated) Increased temp when water condenses - condensation
45
Bernoulli's Theorem
``` ↓ diameter ↑ velocity Constant flow TE1 = TE2 KE1 +PE1 = KE2 + PE2 Therefore ↑KE ↓PE Result ↓ pressure energy ```
46
Venturi Effect
Constriction allows second gas to be drawn inward (suction) and mixed w/ the first gas therefore diluting Venturi masks - port open to room air ↓ diameter ↑ suction ↑ dilution ↓ O2 concentration 40% O2 ↑ diameter 24% O2 ↓ diameter (narrower opening)
47
Pressure Relief Valve
Spring exerts particular force on disc w/ particular surface area - valve requires particular pressure w/in to open Pressure in tube > valve pressure Valve pushed upward revealing vents through which pressure can dissipate Spring pressure (stiffness) can be adjusted to calculate pressure required to open the valve "Pop-off" valve Ambu bag
48
Pressure Reducing Valve
High pressure enters the valve pushing upward against the diaphragm downward force produced by the spring (resistance) Pressure energy required to do work moving the diaphragm therefore lower pressure exits gas outlet Work + energy required Ex: Oxygen tank
49
Force/Energy/Work Relationship
Pushing an object in a certain direction involves applying a force, which does work, and energy must be expended Force - influence that causes a change in the motion of an object aka acceleration; method to transfer energy Work - exertion of force to produce movement Energy - expended when work is done (to apply force some amount of energy is required; energy transferred to object)
50
Energy Definition
Capacity to do work Quantified as the amount of work done per unit of time Work = Force acting over a distance
51
Newton/Dyne/Joules
Force that will accelerate mass of 1 kg, 1 meter/sec^2 Gravity force accelerates any object 9.81 m/sec^2 Therefore force of gravity on 1 kg mass = 9.81 N Dyne = (g · cm)/s^2 Smaller force measurement - SVR/PVR Joules - unit of energy or work Work done by force of 1 N moving an object 1 meter
52
Gas Composition
21% O2 78% N2 1% Trace
53
Vapor Pressure
Pressure exerted by vapor particles in equilibrium w/ associated liquid - few receptors jumping into constitutive state, liquid molecules vaporize but liquid not boiling ↑ particles in gas state ↑ VP Saturated VP - same number molecules return to the liquid as escape from it; atmosphere above the liquid = saturated When VP = P Atm = BP NOT affected by atmospheric pressure ↑ polarity or mass ↓ VP ↑ temp ↑ VP (H2O @ 37° 47mmHg vs. 100° 760mmHg) ↑ INTERmolecular forces ↓ VP
54
Resistance
Passive force exerted in opposition to another and active force ↑ resistance ↑ pressure DROP Factors r/t resistance: Friction - produces resistance to flow in tube; caused by adhesive and cohesive forces Viscosity - measure of fluids' internal resistance (cohesive force) to flow; increases w/ increasing IMFs
55
Absolute Zero
No movement of H2O particles °F = -459.7° °C = -273° °K = 0°

AS - N927 Chem/Physics (12 decks)

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